Table 6.

Clinical, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in 693 adults participating in the Emory-Georgia Tech Predictive Health Initiative cohort from 2007–2013 classified according to body composition subtype ^a

	Lean (n=100)	Normal Weight Obesity (n=164)	Overweight- Obesity (n=429)
Blood glucose (mg/dL) b,c,d	86.0 (83.6, 88.5)x	86.0 (84.1, 88.0)x	90.2 (89.0, 91.5)y
Insulin (μIU /mL) b,e,f	2.41 (2.07, 2.8)x	3.09 (2.74, 3.48)y	5.41 (5.03, 5.82)z
HOMA-IR b,e,g	0.51 (0.44, 0.60)x	0.66 (0.58, 0.75)y	1.21 (1.11, 1.3)z
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) h	185.0 ± 3.8x	196.9 ± 3.0y	191.7 ± 1.9x,y
LDL-C (mg/dL) h	98.4 ± 3.4x	113.0 ± 2.7y	113.0 ± 1.6y
HDL-C (mg/dL) h	72.1 ± 1.7x	65.2 ± 1.3y	56.5 ± 0.8z
Triglycerides (mg/dL) i,j	72.2 ± 6.0x	93.8 ± 4.8y	112.4 ± 3.0z
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) k	114.9 ± 1.5x	116.9 ± 1.2x	125.9 ± 0.7y
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) k	72.3 ± 1.1x	75.6 ± 0.9x	79.2 ± 0.5y
Cysteine, μM l	8.9 ± 0.2x	9.2 ± 0.2x	9.4 ± 0.1x
Cystine, μM l	78.7 ± 1.8x	79.7 ± 1.4x	87.9 ± 0.9y
Glutathione, μM b,l	1.77 (1.64, 1.91)x	1.76 (1.66, 1.87)x	1.5 (1.45, 1.5 6)y
Glutathione disulfide, μM b,l	0.052 (0.045, 0.06)x	0.053 (0.048, 0.06)x	0.049 (0.045, 0.052)x
Eh Cysteine, mV l,m	−69.7 ± 0.6x	−70.3 ± 0.5x	−69.5 ± 0.3x
Eh Glutathione, mV l,m	−137.3 ± 1.1x	−136.9 ± 0.8x	−134.0 ± 0.5y
Cystine/Glutathione ratio b,l	43.5 (39.8, 47.7)x	44.6 (41.5, 47.8)x	57.3 (54.8, 59.8)y
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) b,n,o	2.51 (1.99, 3.18) x	2.54 (2.11, 3.06) x	3.1 (2.76, 3.48) x
Tumor necrosis factor-α (pg/mL) b,n,l	3.25 (2.88, 3.66) x	3.47 (3.16, 3.81) x	3.64 (3.43, 3.85) x
Interleukin-8 (pg/mL) b,n,q	7.87 (6.9, 8.98) x	7.96 (7.18, 8.82) x	7.91 (7.42, 8.43) x
Interferon gamma (pg/mL) b,n,r	0.35 (0.25, 0.5)x	0.32 (0.25, 0.42) x	0.42 (0.35, 0.49) x

^aValues are presented as mean ± SE or as geometric mean (95% confidence interval), adjusting for age, race, and sex.

^bVariable was natural log transformed for analyses and back transformed for data presentation. Because the standard error cannot be back transformed, 95% confidence intervals for the geometric mean are shown.

^cTo convert mg/dL glucose to mmol/L, multiple mg/dL by 0.0555. To convert mmol/L glucose to mg/dL, multiple mmol/L by 18.0182.

^dn=162 and 427 for the normal weight obesity (NWO) and overweight-obesity groups, respectively

^en=162 and 426 for the NWO overweight-obesity groups, respectively

^fTo convert μIU/mL insulin to pmol/L, multiply μIU/mL by 6.0. To convert pmol/L insulin to μIU/mL, multiply pmol/L by 0.167.

^gHOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

^hTo convert mg/dL cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.0259. To convert mmol/L cholesterol to mg/dL, multiply by 38.7.

ⁱn=161 and 426 for the NWO and overweight-obesity groups, respectively

^jTo convert mg/dL triglycerides to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.0113. To convert mmol/L triglycerides to mg/dL, multiply mmol/L by 88.6.

^kn=163 and 429 in the NWO and overweight-obesity groups, respectively

^lAminothiol redox measures: n=93, 155, and 412 for the lean, NWO, and overweight-obesity groups, respectively

^mE_h millivolts, redox potential

ⁿCytokine measure

^on=93, 155, and 415 for the lean, NWO, and overweight-obesity groups, respectively

^pn=95, 159, and 418 for the lean, NWO, and overweight-obesity groups, respectively

^qn=94, 157, and 415 for the lean, NWO, and overweight-obesity groups, respectively

^rn=93, 156, and 416 for the lean, NWO, and overweight-obesity groups, respectively

^x,y,zResults of multiple linear regression and Tukey post hoc analyses are denoted by superscript letters x, y, and z and indicate significant differences between groups for each value. Within each row, values that are not connected by the same letter are significantly different at P < 0.05.