TABLE 2.
Early use of antibiotics, demographic, nutritional, NEC and mortality data
| Early-antibiotics | No-early-antibiotics | P value1 | P value2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2562 | 269 | ||
| Birth weight, g, mean (SD) | 1163 (240) | 1200 (246) | <0.05 | <0.0001 |
| Gestational age, wks, mean (SD) | 29.5 (2.4) | 31.0 (2.6) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Birth weight z-score | −0.38 (0.98) | −0.99 (1.08) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| SGA, n (%) | 448 (18) | 99 (37) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Male, n (%) | 1366 (53) | 111 (41) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C-section, n (%) | 1538(60) | 217 (81) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Antenatal steroids, n (%) | 1500 (68) | 180 (74) | <0.05 | 0.25 |
| APGAR 5 <8, n (%) | 1504 (63) | 145(58) | 0.21 | 0.81 |
| Enteral nutrition start, n (%)3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
| Slow | 479 (19) | 10 (4) | ||
| Medium | 763 (31) | 28 (11) | ||
| Quick | 1233 (50) | 226 (86) | ||
| Enteral nutrition type, n (%)4 | <0.0001 | 0.890 | ||
| IF | 1013 (45) | 54 (22) | ||
| HM | 1258 (55) | 193 (78) | ||
| Probiotics, n (%) | 675 (28) | 94 (38) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Initiation in week 1, n (%) | 362 (15) | 71 (29) | <0.0001 | 0.53 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 152 (5.9) | 15 (5.6) | 0.83 | 0.07 |
| NEC, n (%) | 99 (3.9) | 24 (9.0) | <0.001 | <0.05 |
1
Unadjusted P values.
2
Adjusted for NICU as a random effect.
3
Time when enteral nutrition was initiated was grouped into: Slow, never started or started later than postnatal day 4; Medium, started on postnatal day 3 or 4; Quick, started within postnatal day 2.
4
Type of enteral nutrition used in postnatal week 1. IF, exclusive IF or mixed feeding; HM: exclusive human milk feeding (MM and/or DM). HM, human milk; IF, infant formula; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; PMA, postmenstrual age; SD, standard deviation