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. 2020 Nov 24;11:5957. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19725-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a A polymeric bar is placed through the empty spaces of a metallic structure to interlock dissimilar materials. These two materials remain mechanically bound to each other through a closed ring. There is no design constraint over the shapes connected to the ring, as long as outlets are properly placed for material infusion through the microchannels. b To fabricate these structures, a high aperture objective is used in a two-photon absorption setup using a positive-tone photoresist immersed in a refractive index matching oil. This configuration allows for accurate detection of the photoresist/substrate interface. As a result, it is possible to design vias independently, which may be suitable for electrodeposition or not. The microchannels that are electrically isolated will remain unfilled after the electrodeposition step is concluded. As a result, a second casting step can be performed to mold water-soluble polymers. Consequently, two completely independent geometries composed of different materials can be obtained after dissolving the mold.