Table 2.
Growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines that bind to specific extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins.
| ECM molecule | Bioactive molecule |
|---|---|
| Thrombospondin-1 | Growth factors: TGF-β1 (52, 70, 71) |
| Agrin | Growth factors: TGF-β1, TGF-β2 (87) |
| Heparan Sulphate |
Growth factors: TGF-β1, TGF-β2, FGF (4, 88, 89) Chemokines: CXCL8 (90) |
|
Heparin (Highly sulphated form of HS) |
Growth factors: FGF, VEGF, PDGF, HGF (4) Cytokines: IL-4 (91) IFNγ (92) RANTES, IL-7 (93, 94) |
| Tenascin-C |
Growth factors: TGF-β family, FGF family, VEGF, PDGF, IGF-BPs (95, 96) Cytokines: CCL21 (97) |
| Plasma Fibronectin | Growth factors: VEGF, BMP-1, HGF, FGF-2, PDGF, TGF-β1 (48) |
| Fibronectin | Cytokines: IL-7 (94), IL-2 (98), TNF-α (99) |
| Laminin | Cytokines: IL-7 (94), IL-2 (98), TNF-α (99) |
| Fibrillin-1 | Growth factors: TGF-β1, BMPs (100, 101, 102), |
| Proteins that have been shown to inhibit GF activation | |
| Biglycan | Growth factors: TGF-β1 (77, 78), TNF-β (103), BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6 (104, 105), WISP1 (106) |
| ECM-1 | Growth factors: TGF-β1 (86) |
| Decorin | Growth factors: TGF-β1, PDGF (79), CTGF (107), WISP1, LRP1 (108) |