Table 3.
RAI-MDS 2.0 Outcome Scales for Residents with and Without Family or Friend Contact (April 1, 2008 to March 31, 2018).
| Mean (95% CI) | P-valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Contact with family or friends (n = 24,385) | No personal contact with family or friends (n = 945) | ||
| Scalesb | |||
| Cognitive performance scale (CPS) | 3.38 (3.36–3.40) | 3.37 (3.26–3.48) | .848 |
| Depression rating scale (DRS) | 2.32 (2.29–2.36) | 3.34 (3.13–3.55) | <.001 |
| Index of social engagement (ISE) | 2.34 (2.32–2.36) | 2.16 (2.05–2.26) | <.001 |
| Activities of daily living long form (ADL) | 20.29 (20.21–20.38) | 19.21 (18.72–19.70) | <.001 |
| Changes in health, signs and symptoms, and end-stage disease (CHESS) | 1.55 (1.53–1.57) | 1.55 (1.46–1.63) | .938 |
| Pain (PS) | 0.60 (0.59–0.61) | 0.70 (0.64–0.75) | <.001 |
| Aggressive behavior scale (ABS) | 1.61 (1.58–1.64) | 2.30 (2.12–2.47) | <.001 |
Significant differences assessed using two-sample t-test. Statistical differences in the scale scores were determined using the Satterthwaite method because it does not assume equal variances and is a more conservative approach to assessing differences across groups with unequal variance.
CPS (0–6 range with higher scores indicating more cognitive impairment); DRS (0–14 range with higher scores indicating more frequent and severe depressive symptoms); ISE (0–6 range with higher scores indicating better social engagement); ADL (0–28 with higher scores indicating more impairment); CHESS (0–5 range with higher scores indicating more health instability); PS (0–3 range with higher scores indicating more frequent and intense pain); ABS (0–12) with higher scores indicating more frequent physical, verbal, and socially inappropriate behavior.