Table 2.
Patient, clinical and hospital characteristics of index hospitalization.
| Characteristic | Total | Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (416.0) | Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension (416.8) | p-Values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (±SD) | 63.90 ( ± 16.20) | 56.77 ( ± 17.50) | 64.67 ( ± 15.90) | <0.01 |
| Young adults (18–39 years), N (%) | 1243 (8.48%) | 265 (18.50%) | 978 (7.40%) | |
| Middle aged (40–64 years), N (%) | 5732 (39.10%) | 630 (44%) | 5102 (38.60%) | |
| Elderly (≥65 years), N (%) | 7684 (52.42%) | 538 (37.50%) | 7146 (54%) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female, N (%) | 9898 (67.52%) | 1043 (72.80%) | 8855 (67%) | <0.01 |
| Male, N (%) | 4761 (32.48%) | 390 (27.20%) | 4371 (33%) | |
| Insurance type/expected primary payer | ||||
| Medicare, N (%) | 9182 (62.15%) | 738 (50.58%) | 8444 (63.41%) | <0.01 |
| Medicaid, N (%) | 1931 (13.07%) | 243 (16.66%) | 1688 (12.68%) | |
| Private, N (%) | 2743 (18.57%) | 377 (25.84%) | 2366 (17.77%) | |
| Self-pay, N (%) | 374 (2.53%) | 43 (2.95%) | 331 (2.49%) | |
| Other, N (%) | 450 (3.05%) | 47 (3.22%) | 403 (3.03%) | |
| Median household income | ||||
| ≥ $64,000, N (%) | 3108 (21.04%) | 364 (24.95%) | 2744 (20.61%) | <0.01 |
| $48,000–$63,999, N (%) | 3463 (23.44%) | 358 (24.54%) | 3105 (23.32%) | |
| $38,000–$47,999, N (%) | 3671 (24.85%) | 351 (24.06%) | 3320 (24.93%) | |
| ≤ 37,999, N (%) | 4281 (28.97%) | 362 (24.81%) | 3919 (29.43%) | |
| AHRQ comorbidities, N (%) | ||||
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome | 80 (0.55%) | 6 (0.40%) | 74 (0.60%) | 0.492 |
| Alcohol abuse | 459 (3.13%) | 41 (2.90%) | 418 (3.20%) | 0.537 |
| Deficiency anemias | 3608 (24.61%) | 307 (21.40%) | 3301 (25%) | 0.003 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases | 1577 (10.76%) | 120 (8.40%) | 1457 (11%) | 0.002 |
| Chronic blood loss anemia | 124 (0.85%) | 14 (1%) | 110 (0.80%) | 0.568 |
| Congestive heart failure | 5903 (40.27%) | 510 (35.60%) | 5393 (40.80%) | <0.01 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 6023 (41.09%) | 489 (34.10%) | 5534 (41.80%) | <0.01 |
| Coagulopathy | 1371 (9.35%) | 187 (13%) | 1184 (9%) | <0.01 |
| Depression | 1759 (12%) | 173 (12.10%) | 1586 (12%) | 0.929 |
| Diabetes, uncomplicated | 4061 (27.70%) | 342 (23.90%) | 3719 (28.10%) | 0.010 |
| Diabetes with chronic complications | 1072 (7.31%) | 84 (5.90%) | 988 (7.50%) | 0.026 |
| Drug abuse | 706 (4.82%) | 80 (5.60%) | 626 (4.70%) | 0.154 |
| Hypertension | 9029 (61.59%) | 700 (48.80%) | 8329 (63%) | <0.01 |
| Hypothyroidism | 2530 (17.26%) | 227 (15.80%) | 2303 (17.40%) | 0.135 |
| Liver disease | 1162 (7.93%) | 115 (8%) | 1047 (7.90%) | 0.885 |
| Lymphoma | 149 (1.02%) | 16 (1.10%) | 133 (1%) | 0.691 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 4761 (32.48%) | 512 (35.70%) | 4249 (32.10%) | 0.006 |
| Metastatic cancer | 114 (0.78%) | 14 (1%) | 100 (0.80%) | 0.366 |
| Neurological disorders | 860 (5.87%) | 70 (4.90%) | 790 (6%) | 0.096 |
| Obesity | 4051 (27.63%) | 317 (22.10%) | 3734 (28.20%) | <0.01 |
| Paralysis | 139 (0.95%) | 16 (1.10%) | 123 (0.90%) | 0.489 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 1069 (7.29%) | 87 (6.10%) | 982 (7.40%) | 0.061 |
| Psychoses | 572 (3.90%) | 56 (3.90%) | 516 (3.90%) | 0.990 |
| Renal failure | 4124 (28.13%) | 308 (21.50%) | 3816 (28.90%) | <0.01 |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 254 (1.73%) | 20 (1.40%) | 234 (1.80%) | 0.303 |
| Valvular disease | 2604 (17.76%) | 171 (11.90%) | 2433 (18.40%) | <0.01 |
| Weight loss | 644 (4.39%) | 82 (5.70%) | 562 (4.20%) | 0.010 |
| All patient refined diagnosis related group: risk of mortality subclass | ||||
| Minor likelihood of dying, N (%) | 171 (1.17%) | 119 (8.3%) | 597 (4.5%) | <0.01 |
| Moderate likelihood of dying, N (%) | 5549 (37.85%) | 204 (14.2%) | 6527 (49.3%) | |
| Major likelihood of dying, N (%) | 7338 (50.06%) | 947 (66.1%) | 4938 (37.3%) | |
| Extreme likelihood of dying, N (%) | 1600 (10.91%) | 163 (11.4%) | 1163 (8.8%) | |
| All patient refined diagnosis related group: severity of illness subclass | ||||
| Minor loss of function, N (%) | 716 (4.88%) | 3 (0.20%) | 168 (1.30%) | <0.01 |
| Moderate loss of function, N (%) | 6731 (45.92%) | 596 (41.60%) | 4953 (37.40%) | |
| Major loss of function, N (%) | 5885 (40.15%) | 639 (44.60%) | 6699 (50.70%) | |
| Extreme loss of function, N (%) | 1326 (9.05%) | 195 (13.60%) | 1405 (10.60%) | |
| Disposition of patient at discharge | ||||
| Home or self care | 9076 (61.90%) | 897 (62.60%) | 8179 (61.85%) | <0.01 |
| Transfer to skilled nursing or intermediate care facility | 1569 (10.71%) | 102 (7.12%) | 1467 (11.09%) | |
| Home health care | 3215 (21.94%) | 321 (22.40%) | 2894 (21.89%) | |
| Total length of stay in days, mean ( ± SD) | 6.52 ( ± 7.56) | 8.01 ( ± 10.10) | 6.36 ( ± 7.20) | <0.01 |
| Length of stay of index hospitalization, N (%) | ||||
| ≤ 3days | 5619 (38.33%) | 471 (32.87%) | 5148 (38.92%) | <0.01 |
| 4–7 days | 5095 (34.76%) | 473 (33.01%) | 4622 (34.95%) | |
| > 7 days | 3945 (26.91%) | 489 (34.12%) | 3456 (26.13%) | |
| Hospital bed size | ||||
| Small, N (%) | 1292 (8.81%) | 101 (7%) | 1191 (9%) | <0.01 |
| Medium, N (%) | 2925 (19.95%) | 206 (14.40%) | 2719 (20.60%) | |
| Large, N (%) | 10,442 (71.23%) | 1126 (78.60%) | 9316 (70.40%) | |
| Hospital urban–rural designation | ||||
| Large metropolitan areas with at least one million residents, N (%) | 9583 (65.37%) | 1010 (70.50%) | 8573 (64.80%) | <0.01 |
| Small metropolitan areas with less than one million residents, N (%) | 4245 (28.96%) | 380 (26.50%) | 3865 (29.20%) | |
| Micropolitan areas, N (%) | 669 (4.56%) | 35 (2.40%) | 634 (4.80%) | |
| Not metropolitan or micropolitan (non-urban residual), N (%) | 162 (1.11%) | 8 (0.60%) | 154 (1.20%) | |
| Teaching status of hospital | ||||
| Metropolitan non-teaching, N (%) | 4045 (27.59%) | 314 (21.90%) | 3731 (28.20%) | <0.01 |
| Metropolitan teaching, N (%) | 9783 (66.74%) | 1076 (75.10%) | 8707 (65.80%) | |
| Non-metropolitan, N (%) | 831 (5.67%) | 43 (3%) | 788 (6%) | |
| Control/ownership of hospital | ||||
| Government, nonfederal, N (%) | 2619 (17.87%) | 230 (16.10%) | 2389 (18.10%) | <0.01 |
| Private, not-profit, N (%) | 10,308 (70.32%) | 1104 (77%) | 9204 (69.60%) | |
| Private, invest-own, N (%) | 1732 (11.82%) | 99 (6.90%) | 1633 (12.30%) | |
AHRQ: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Values that are statistically significant with a p-value less than or equal to 0.05 are in bold