Fig. 2.

The effects of BD on the differentiation ability of hMSCs. The hMSCs were seeded for 16 h at a density of 3 × 10³ cells/cm² for osteogenic induction and at 2 × 10⁴ cells/cm² for adipogenic and chondrogenic induction. Cells were treated with control, OIM, AIM, and CIM in the presence or absence of BD (100 μg/ml) for 14 days. Cells were fixed and stained alkaline phosphatase activity for osteogenic differentiation, see upper panels. Oil red O staining was used for adipogenic differentiation, see middle panels. Alcian blue staining was used for chondrogenic differentiation, see lower panels. Scale bar: 100 μm. b-d Quantification results of alkaline phasphatase (b), Oil red O (c) and (d) alcian blue staining was conducted by ImageJ software. The results are presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. *, P < 0.05 vs. control; #, P < 0.05 vs. Chon