Table 1.
Characteristics of the individual included studies
| Author | Study design | Setting | Population | No. patients enrolled | Reference standard (body temperature, device) | Index test (body temperature, device) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allegaert 2014 [23] | RCT | ED | Children | 294 | Rectal, digital |
Tympanic, infrared Forehead, infrared Temporal artery, infrared |
| Apa 2013 [24] | Cohort | Pediatric unit | Children | 50 | Axillary, digital |
Tympanic, infrared Forehead, infrared |
| Balla 2019 [25] | Cross-sectional | Neurological and infection wards | Adult | 15 | Rectal, digital | Axillary, thermistor |
| Batra 2013 [26] | Cohort | Pediatric ED | Children | 100 | Rectal, mercury-in-glass |
Axillary, digital Tympanic, infrared Temporal artery, infrared |
| Berksoy 2018 [27] | Cohort | Pediatric ED | Children | 319 | Axillary, digital | Forehead, infrared |
| Brennan 1995 [28] | Cohort | ED | Children | 370 | Rectal, digital | Tympanic, infrared |
| Brosinski 2018 [29] | Cohort | ED | Adult and children | 251 | Rectal, digital | Temporal artery, infrared |
| Chiappini 2011 [30] | Cross sectional | Pediatric ED | Children | 252 | Axillary, mercury-in-glass | Forehead, infrared |
| Dakappa 2016 [31] | RCT | Hospital | Adult | 55 | Axillary, mercury-in-glass | Tympanic, infrared |
| Devrim 2007 [32] | Cross sectional | Pediatric hospital | Children | 102 | Axillary, mercury-in-glass | Tympanic, infrared |
| Duru 2012 [33] | Cohort | Pediatric unit and ED | Children | 300 | Rectal, mercury-in-glass | Tympanic, infrared |
| Edelu 2011 [34] | Cohort | Hospital | Children | 800 | Rectal, mercury-in-glass | Tympanic, infrared |
| Forrest 2017 [35] | Cohort | ED | Children | 85 | Rectal, digital |
Axillary, digital Temporal artery, infrared |
| Gasim 2013 [36] | Cross sectional | ED | Adult and children | 174 | Axillary, mercury-in-glass | Tympanic, infrared |
| Goswami 2017 [37] | Cohort | Pediatric unit | Children | 210 | Rectal, digital |
Axillary, digital Temporal artery, infrared |
| Greenes 2001 [38] | Cross-sectional | ED | Children | 304 | Rectal, digital |
Tympanic, infrared Temporal artery, infrared |
| Hamilton 2013 [39] | Cohort | ED | Children | 205 | Rectal or oral, digital |
Tympanic, infrared Temporal artery, infrared |
| Hay 2004 [40] | Cohort | Primary care | Children | 94 | Axillary, mercury-in-glass | Tympanic, infrared |
| Hebbar 2005 [41] | Cohort | Pediatric unit | Children | 44 | Rectal, digital |
Axillary, digital Temporal artery, infrared |
| Isler 2014 [42] | Cohort | Pediatric ED | Children | 218 | Temporal artery, infrared |
Axillary, mercury-in-glass Axillary, digital |
| Jean Mary 2002 [43] | Cohort | Hospital | Children | 198 | Rectal, digital |
Axillary, infrared Tympanic, infrared |
| Jensen 2000 [44] | RCT | Surgical unit | Adult | 200 | Rectal, mercury-in-glass |
Tympanic, infrared Oral, digital Axillary, digital Rectal, digital |
| Kara 2009 [45] | RCT | Pediatric hospital | Children | 61 | Axillary, mercury-in-glass | Axillary, digital |
| Kocoglu 2002 [46] | Cohort | Hospital | Children | 110 | Rectal, mercury-in-glass |
Axillary, mercury-in-glass Tympanic, infrared |
| Leon 2005 [47] | Cross sectional | Intensive care unit | Adult | 50 | Axillary, mercury-in-glass | Tympanic, infrared |
| Mogensen 2018 [48] | Cross-sectional | Pediatric department | Children | 995 | Rectal, digital |
Tympanic, infrared Temporal artery, infrared |
| Mogensen 2018b [49] | Cohort | ED | Adult | 599 | Rectal, digital | Tympanic, infrared |
| Morley 1998 [50] | Cohort | Hospital | Children | 1090 | Axillary, mercury-in-glass | Forehead, infrared |
| Muma 1991 [51] | Cross sectional | Pediatric ED | Children | 224 | Rectal, digital |
Axillary, digital Tympanic, infrared |
| Odinaka 2014 [52] | Cohort | Pediatric unit | Children | 156 | Rectal, mercury-in-glass | Forehead, infrared |
| Oncel 2013 [53] | Cohort | Maternity unit | Children | 120 | Rectal, mercury-in-glass |
Axillary, digital Forehead, infrared |
| Paes 2010 [54] | Cohort | Pediatric unit | Children | 100 | Rectal, digital |
Tympanic, infrared Temporal, infrared |
| Petersen 1997 [55] | Cohort | Neurosurgical unit | Adult | 65 | Rectal, mercury-in-glass | Tympanic, infrared |
| Rabbani 2010 [56] | Cohort | Hospital | Adult and children | 2000 | Oral, mercury-in-glass | Tympanic, infrared |
| Rajee 2006 [57] | Cohort | ED | Adult | 200 | Oral, mercury-in-glass | Tympanic, infrared |
| Schreiber 2013 [58] | Cross-sectional | Pediatric ED | Children | 284 | Axillary, mercury |
Axillary, digital Axillary, galinstan |
| Schuh 2004 [59] | Cohort | ED | Children | 327 | Rectal | Forehead |
| Sehgal 2002 [60] | Cohort | ED | Children | 60 | Rectal, digital | Tympanic, infrared |
| Singler 2013 [61] | Cohort | ED | Adult | 427 | Rectal, digital |
Tympanic, infrared Temporal artery, infrared |
| Smitz 2009 [62] | Cohort | Geriatric unit | Adult | 100 | Rectal, digital | Tympanic, infrared |
| Smitz 2000 [63] | Cohort | Geriatric unit | Adult | 45 | Rectal, mercury-in-glass | Tympanic, infrared |
| Teller 2014 [64] | Cross-sectional | Private pediatric practice | Children | 254 | Rectal, digital |
Tympanic, infrared Forehead, infrared |
| Teran 2012 [65] | Cross-sectional | Inpatient unit and ED | Children | 434 | Rectal, mercury-in-glass |
Forehead, infrared Temporal artery, infrared |
| Van Staaij 2003 [66] | Cohort | Pediatric unit | Children | 41 | Rectal, digital | Tympanic, infrared |
| Wilshaw 1999 [67] | Cohort | Clinic | Children | 120 | Rectal, mercury |
Tympanic, infrared Axillary, digital |
| Yaron 1995 [68] | RCT | ED | Adult | 100 | Rectal, digital | Tympanic, infrared |