Table 4.
Treatment, complications and clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 with or without GI symptoms.
| All patients (n = 1,077) | Patients with GI symptoms (n = 359) | Patients without GI symptoms (n = 718) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatments | ||||
| PPIs | 460 (42.7) | 205 (57.1) | 255 (35.5) | <0.001 |
| Antivirals | 990 (91.9) | 342 (95.3) | 648 (90.3) | 0.004 |
| Antibiotics | 765 (71.0) | 286 (79.7) | 479 (66.7) | <0.001 |
| Corticosteroids | 392 (36.4) | 148 (41.2) | 244 (34.0) | 0.020 |
| High-flow nasal oxygen therapy | 849 (78.8) | 298 (83.0) | 551 (76.7) | 0.018 |
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 99 (9.2) | 54 (15.0) | 45 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Tracheal intubation | 33 (3.1) | 20 (5.6) | 13 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Tracheotomy | 8 (0.7) | 4 (1.1) | 4 (0.6) | 0.452 |
| CRRT | 9 (0.8) | 7 (1.9) | 2 (0.3) | 0.008 |
| ICU admission | 52 (4.8) | 22 (6.1) | 30 (4.2) | 0.159 |
| ICU length of stay, days | 14.0 (8.0–24.0) | 15.5 (8.0–24.8) | 14.0 (8.2–17.2) | 0.498 |
| Complications | ||||
| ARDS | 133 (12.3) | 72 (20.1) | 61 (8.5) | <0.001 |
| AKI | 13 (1.5) | 5 (1.4) | 8 (1.1) | 0.693 |
| Acute liver injury | 16 (1.5) | 6 (1.7) | 10 (1.4) | 0.791 |
| Hospital length of stay, days | 16.0 (9.0–32.0) | 24.8 (12.0–36.0) | 14.0 (8.0–28.0) | <0.001 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||
| Discharge from hospital | 785 (72.9) | 254 (70.8) | 531 (74.0) | 0.265 |
| Death | 85 (7.9) | 34 (9.5) | 51 (7.1) | 0.174 |
| Staying in hospital | 207 (19.2) | 71 (19.7) | 136 (19.9) |
Data are median (IQR) or n (%). p-values were calculated using Mann-Whitney U-test, χ2-test, or Fisher's exact-test, as appropriate. GI, gastrointestinal; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; AKI, acute kidney injury; ICU, intensive care unit.