Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study participants at baseline stratified by serum AFABP quartiles
| Total (n = 176) | 1st Quartile (n = 43) | 2nd Quartile (n = 45) | 3rd Quartile (n = 44) | 4th Quartile (n = 44) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women AFABP level (ng/mL) | 29.59 (20.62–52.60) | < 20.62 | 20.62–29.58 | 29.59–52.60 | > 52.60 | |
| Men AFABP level (ng/mL) | 19.22 (12.49–29.24) | < 12.49 | 12.49–19.21 | 19.22–29.24 | > 29.24 | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 60 ± 10 | 57 ± 8 | 59 ± 10 | 59 ± 9 | 65 ± 9†#& | < 0.01 |
| Men, n (%) | 94 (53.4) | 23 (53.5) | 24 (53.3) | 23 (52.3) | 24 (54.5) | - |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 17 ± 7 | 18 ± 7 | 16 ± 8 | 18 ± 8 | 15 ± 7 | 0.19 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26 ± 5 | 23 ± 4 | 26 ± 4¶ | 27 ± 5§* | 28 ± 4†#& | < 0.01 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 137 ± 18 | 130 ± 19 | 140 ± 20 | 136 ± 16 | 140 ± 18 | < 0.05 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80 ± 9 | 77 ± 8 | 81 ± 9 | 82 ± 9§ | 78 ± 9 | < 0.05 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 47 (26.7) | 9 (20.9) | 9 (20.0) | 16 (36.4) | 13 (29.5) | 0.26 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 133 (75.6) | 25 (58.1) | 34 (75.6) | 35 (79.5) | 39 (88.6) | < 0.01 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 121 (68.8) | 26 (60.5) | 30 (66.7) | 31 (70.5) | 34 (77.3) | 0.39 |
| CKD, n (%) | 25 (14.2) | 2 (4.7) | 3 (6.7) | 4 (9.1) | 16 (36.4) | < 0.01 |
| Blood chemistry | ||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.68 ± 1.26 | 7.70 ± 1.23 | 7.75 ± 1.45 | 7.53 ± 0.99 | 7.73 ± 1.36 | 0.83 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 8.16 ± 2.73 | 8.07 ± 2.45 | 8.50 ± 2.91 | 7.79 ± 2.10 | 8.26 ± 3.33 | 0.66 |
| eGFRa (ml/min/1.73m2) | 88.69 (73.35–98.23) | 93.22 (86.74–100.09) | 93.03 (83.72–101.29) | 91.53 (69.31–98.50) | 70.95 (53.66–84.99)†#& | < 0.01 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.31 ± 0.81 | 4.31 ± 0.88 | 4.29 ± 0.71 | 4.39 ± 0.89 | 4.22 ± 0.75 | 0.80 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.30 ± 0.35 | 1.42 ± 0.42 | 1.37 ± 0.31 | 1.28 ± 0.35 | 1.14 ± 0.22†# | < 0.01 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.38 ± 0.63 | 2.26 ± 0.57 | 2.43 ± 0.59 | 2.57 ± 0.72 | 2.26 ± 0.60 | 0.07 |
| Triglyceridea (mmol/L) | 1.20 (0.80–1.70) | 0.90 (0.70–1.40) | 1.00 (0.70–1.35) | 1.60 (1.13–2.10)§* | 1.40 (1.00–1.90)†# | < 0.01 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Insulin, n (%) | 79 (44.9) | 19 (44.2) | 19 (42.2) | 20 (45.5) | 21 (47.7) | 0.96 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 166 (94.3) | 40 (93.0) | 43 (95.6) | 43 (97.7) | 40 (90.9) | 0.45 |
| Sulfonylureas, n (%) | 93 (52.8) | 27 (62.8) | 23 (51.1) | 21 (47.7) | 22 (50.0) | 0.50 |
| Gliptins, n (%) | 36 (20.5) | 13 (30.2) | 6 (13.3) | 6 (13.6) | 11 (25.0) | 0.13 |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 107 (60.8) | 20 (46.5) | 28 (62.2) | 28 (63.6) | 31 (70.5) | 0.13 |
| β-Blocker, n (%) | 60 (34.1) | 10 (23.3) | 14 (31.1) | 14 (31.8) | 22 (50.0) | 0.06 |
| CCB, n (%) | 83 (47.2) | 12 (27.9) | 19 (42.2) | 26 (59.1) | 26 (59.1) | < 0.01 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 16 (9.1) | – | 5 (11.1) | 4 (9.1) | 7 (15.9) | 0.07 |
| Statin, n (%) | 94 (53.4) | 22 (51.2) | 24 (53.3) | 20 (45.5) | 28 (63.6) | 0.38 |
Hypertension was defined as BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg or the use of anti-hypertensive medications. Dyslipidemia was defined as fasting triglyceride ≥ 1.69 mmol/L, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 1.04 mmol/L in men and < 1.29 mmol/L in women, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥ 2.6 mmol/L, or the use of lipid-lowering medications. Chronic kidney disease was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73m2
ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, AFABP adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, BMI body mass index, CCB calcium channel blockers, CKD chronic kidney disease, DBP diastolic blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP systolic blood pressure
aLog-transformed before analysis
¶p < 0.05 between quartile 1 and quartile 2
§p < 0.05 between quartile 1 and quartile 3
†p < 0.05 between quartile 1 and quartile 4
*P < 0.05 between quartile 2 and quartile 3
#p < 0.05 between quartile 2 and quartile 4
&p < 0.05 between quartile 3 and quartile 4