Fig. 4. JFC, Oterma, located on manifold structures.

Jovian-minimum-distance maps tailored to Oterma’s orbital conditions (35), obtained using Mercurius with integrator time step of 0.01 (equivalent to around half a day). The maps sample 2.25 million initial (a, e) values over 100-year evolutions, where the initial inclination i, argument of perihelion ω, longitude of ascending node Ω, and mean anomaly M are set equal to that of Oterma at the initial epoch 1 January 1910 (left) or 8 April 1943 (right), adopting a dynamical model with Jupiter as the only perturber (table S2). Several contours of Sun-Jupiter-TP three-body energy are superimposed, with −1.5194 and −1.4995 corresponding to the values of the L₁ and L₄ Lagrange points, respectively. The location of Oterma for each epoch is marked with a red star, showing that it lies on the encounter manifolds, which are illustrated quantitatively in the Sun-Jupiter rotating frame in previous works (1, 8). a, semi-major axis; e, eccentricity.