Table 2.
The clinical characteristics of critically ill patients with CHF according to SAG levels.
| Characteristics | Serum anion gap (mmol/L) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <13 (n = 2334) | ≥13, <16 (n = 2519) | ≥16 (n = 2573) | ||
| Age (years) | 72.2 ± 13.2 | 73.2 ± 13.2 | 72.5 ± 13.5 | 0.013 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.278 | |||
| Male | 1280 (54.8) | 1332 (52.9) | 1359 (52.8) | |
| Female | 1054 (45.2) | 1187 (47.1) | 1214 (47.2) | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| White | 1744 (74.7) | 1881 (74.7) | 1821 (70.8) | |
| Black | 152 (6.5) | 187 (7.4) | 230 (8.9) | |
| Other | 438 (18.8) | 451 (17.9) | 522 (20.3) | |
| SBP, mmHg | 116.7 ± 15.2 | 117.6 ± 17.0 | 116.2 ± 17.8 | 0.004 |
| DBP, mmHg | 57.3 ± 9.4 | 58.0 ± 10.4 | 58.1 ± 10.9 | 0.013 |
| MBP, mmHg | 75.3 ± 9.7 | 76.1 ± 10.5 | 75.9 ± 11.1 | 0.038 |
| HR, beats/minute | 84.0 ± 14.2 | 84.0 ± 15.6 | 86.8 ± 16.7 | <0.001 |
| RR, beats/minute | 18.7 ± 3.7 | 19.6 ± 3.9 | 20.2 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Temperature, °C | 36.8 ± 0.6 | 36.8 ± 0.6 | 36.7 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| SpO2, % | 97.3 ± 1.9 | 96.9 ± 2.0 | 96.8 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 81.9 ± 24.1 | 81.2 ± 24.3 | 81.3 ± 24.8 | 0.212 |
| Scoring systems | ||||
| SOFA | 4.5 ± 2.7 | 4.4 ± 2.8 | 5.7 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| SAPSII | 37.1 ± 11.6 | 38.6 ± 12.6 | 44.2 ± 14.0 | <0.001 |
| Dialysis, n (%) | 60 (2.6) | 115 (4.6) | 440 (17.1) | <0.001 |
| Vasopressor, n (%) | 558 (23.9) | 498 (19.8) | 666 (25.9) | <0.001 |
| Ventilation, n (%) | 624 (26.7) | 784 (31.1) | 1000 (38.9) | <0.001 |
| ICU LOS, hours | 116.7 ± 149.8 | 130.3 ± 164.5 | 147.4 ± 180.9 | <0.001 |
| 30-day mortality, n (%) | 254 (10.9) | 399 (15.8) | 665 (25.8) | <0.001 |
| 90-day mortality, n (%) | 411 (17.6) | 579 (23.0) | 882 (34.3) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Liver diseases | 97 (4.2) | 89 (3.5) | 119 (4.6) | 0.144 |
| Renal failure | 325 (13.9) | 552 (21.9) | 813 (31.6) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1053 (45.1) | 1134 (45.0) | 1116 (43.4) | 0.377 |
| Stroke | 105 (4.5) | 152 (6.0) | 134 (5.2) | 0.056 |
| AMI | 121 (5.2) | 207 (8.2) | 270 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| VHD | 178 (7.6) | 248 (9.8) | 264 (10.3) | 0.003 |
| PCD | 130 (5.6) | 140 (5.6) | 139 (5.4) | 0.959 |
| HBP | 278 (11.9) | 467 (18.5) | 673 (26.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 786 (33.7) | 846 (33.6) | 1021 (39.7) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia | 440 (18.9) | 581 (23.1) | 640 (24.9) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory failure | 487 (20.9) | 628 (24.9) | 774 (30.1) | <0.001 |
| Malignancy | 94 (4.0) | 145 (5.8) | 118 (4.6) | 0.015 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| WBC (K/μl) | 11.4 ± 6.2 | 12.7 ± 27.8 | 13.8 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
| Platelet (K/μl) | 196.2 ± 95.4 | 218.7 ± 98.2 | 240.1 ± 118.0 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 10.2 ± 1.9 | 10.8 ± 2.0 | 10.9 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 23.2 ± 13.7 | 30.0 ± 19.0 | 45.1 ± 28.8 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 129.0 ± 53.7 | 144.7 ± 60.9 | 171.3 ± 94.8 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138.8 ± 4.6 | 138.9 ± 4.6 | 138.2 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 106.2 ± 6.2 | 104.6 ± 5.9 | 102.7 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 26.5 ± 4.9 | 24.8 ± 4.2 | 21.5 ± 4.7 | <0.001 |
| PT (second) | 15.9 ± 7.1 | 16.7 ± 9.9 | 17.8 ± 12.0 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| APTT (second) | 38.7 ± 23.8 | 38.8 ± 25.2 | 40.4 ± 26.6 | 0.002 |
| Lactate, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <1.7 mmol/L | 1076 (46.1) | 865 (34.3) | 694 (27.0) | |
| ≥1.7 mmol/L | 634 (27.2) | 858 (34.1) | 1306 (50.8) | |
| No test | 624 (26.7) | 796 (31.6) | 573 (22.3) | |
| NT-proBNP, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <4983 pg/ml | 192 (8.2) | 219 (8.7) | 186 (7.2) | |
| ≥4983 pg/ml | 118 (5.1) | 200 (7.9) | 280 (10.9) | |
| No test | 2024 (86.7) | 2100 (83.4) | 2107 (81.9) | |
Note: CHF: congestive heart failure; SAG: serum anion gap; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood pressure; RR: respiratory rate; HR: heart rate; SpO2: percutaneous oxygen saturation; SOFA: stroke, and malignancy. Calculate the sequential organ failure assessment score; SAPSII: simplified acute physiology score II; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; VHD: valvular heart diseases; PCD: pulmonary circulation diseases; HBP: hypertension; WBC: white blood cell; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; PT: prothrombin time; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; NT-proBNP: N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide.