Fig. 4.
The effects of exposure to PM2.5 air pollution on probability of COVID-19 death by age in the MCMA. Estimates of marginal effects to exposure to PM2.5 (2000–2018) shown with 95% cluster-robust confidence intervals. The model behind the estimation (Model 3 in Table 2) includes municipal-level covariates (population density, population, density of hospital beds, percentage of population without access to health care, percentage of population with moderate or severe food insecurity, and percentage of labor force with jobs that can be done from home), and individual-level covariates (gender, age and age squared, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, smoking status, and day in which symptoms started).