Table 2.
Effects of saponin on methanogenesis, rumen fermentation, and feed degradability.
| Sources | Test system/dose | Diet | CH4 | NH3 | tVFA | DMI | Acetate | Butyrate | Isobutyrate | Propionate | Isovalerate | Valerate |
Acetate/ Propionate |
DMD | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tea saponin | In vivo or in vitro both in ewe 3 g/d | TMR + wildrye hay | = | ↓ | ↑ | = | = | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | = | ↓ | ↑ | (157) |
| Tea saponin (Lerak) Tea saponin (Hibiscus) |
In vitro rumen fluid from cattle (2 and 4%) | Cassava leaf silage | = ↑ |
↓ ↓ |
= = |
NF NF |
↑ ↑ |
↑ = |
= = |
↑ ↓ |
= = |
↑ = |
NF NF |
↑ ↑ |
(158) |
| Quillaja saponin | In vitro rumen fluid from cows (0.6 g/L) | TMR | = | ↓ | = | NF | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | (159) |
| Combination of kulthi, patha, and aritha | In vitro rumen fluid from male buffaloes 2% | F:C (80:20) | ↓ | NF | ↓ | NF | = | ↓ | = | = | = | = | ↓ | ↑ | (164) |
| Combination of Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Gliricidia sepium | In vivo or in vitro both in heifer | TMR 3.3% of 15% DM | = | NF | = | = | = | = | = | = | NF | NF | = | = | (160) |
| Sapindus mukorossi fruits acetone extract | Buffalo rumen 125 ml bottles fitted 0.5 ml | Oat hay | ↓ | = | NF | = | = | = | NF | NF | NF | = | = | (165) | |
| Alfalfa saponins | In vivo lamb 0.4% | F:C (50:50) | NF | NF | NF | = | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | ↑ | (166) |
| Tea saponin | Open chambers 0.52% in vitro bottles | TMR | ↑ | = | = | ↓ | = | = | = | NF | NF | NF | = | = | (162) |
F:C, forage to concentrate ratio; TMR, total mixed ration; tVFA, total volatile fatty acid; DMI, dry matter intake; DMD, dry matter degradability; NF, not found; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; =, no effect.