Table 4.
Effects of tannins on methanogenesis, rumen fermentation, and feed degradability.
| Sources | Test system/Dose | Diet | CH4 | NH3 | tVFA | DMI | Acetate | Butyrate | Isobutyrate | Propionate | Isovalerate | Valerate |
Acetate/ Propionate |
DMD | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tannin-containing hay | In vivo cows and heifers | Hay | ↓ | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | (187) |
| ATE | In vivo lambs 42 g/kg DM | Urea-containing diet | = | ↓ | = | = | ↓ | = | NF | ↑ | NF | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | (188) |
| Acacia mearnsii | In vivo lamb 15 g daily dose | TMR | NF | = | NF | NF | ↓ | ↑ | = | = | NF | ↑ | = | NF | (176) |
| lipid encapsulated- ATE | In vitro 24 h | TMR | ↓ | ↓ | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | (189) |
| Oak tannin extract | In vivo lactating cows 169 g/DM | TMR including linseed | = | NF | NF | = | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | = | (190) |
| DFPP condensed tannin (6.9%) |
In vitro steers DFPP levels 1% 2% 3% 4% |
F:C (30:70) |
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ |
= = = = |
= = = = |
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ |
= = = = |
NF |
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ |
NF |
NF |
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ |
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ |
(179) | |
| i) HT chestnut, tara ii) CT mimosa, gambier |
In vivo lamb 40 g/kg commercial extract | Commercial concentrate diet |
NF |
= = = = |
= = = = |
NF |
= = = = |
= = = ↓ |
↓ = = = |
= = = = |
↓ = = = |
= = = = |
= = = = |
NF |
(185) |
| Quebracho tannin extract | Crossbred heifers, 1% 2% 3% 4% |
Low-quality tropical Pennisetum purpureum grass |
= = ↓ ↓ |
= = = = |
= = = = |
= = = ↓ |
= = = = |
= = = = |
= = = = |
= = ↑ ↑ |
= = = ↓ |
= = = = |
= = ↓ ↓ |
= = = ↓ |
(191) |
| 40% distillers grains and solubles with CT | Cannulated crossbred beef heifers 2.5% CT extract | High protein finishing diets | ↓ | = | ↓ | = | = | ↑ | = | ↓ | = | = | ↑ | ↓ | (192) |
| Tannic acid | In vivo cattle 16.9g TA/kg | (TMR) Low CP High CP |
NF |
↓ ↓ |
↓ ↓ |
= = |
↑ ↑ |
= = |
= = |
= = |
↓ ↓ |
↓ ↓ |
↑ ↑ |
↓ ↓ |
(178) |
| HT Chestnut tannic acid gallic acid |
Beef cattle 2% 1.5% 1.5% |
Alfalfa silage |
= = ↓ |
= ↓ = |
↑ = ↑ |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
↑ ↑ ↑ |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
(180) |
| HT syzygium cumini CT Machilus bombycina |
In vivo lambs 14.08 and 4.29 g/kg DM | F:C (50:50) |
↓ ↓ |
↑ ↓ |
↓ ↓ |
= = |
↓ ↓ |
↓ = |
= = |
↓ ↓ |
NF |
↓ ↓ |
↓ ↓ |
(183) | |
| HT gallic acid |
In vitro
0.5% 1% 2% |
TMR |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
↓ ↓ ↓ |
= = = |
= = = |
NF | (182) |
| CT Cistus ladanifer |
In situ ram CT levels 4% 8% 12% |
Lucerne silage | NF |
↓ ↓ ↓ |
NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF | NF |
↓ ↓ ↓ |
(193) |
| Tannin extracted from pomegranate peel | Lambs 29% 25% 30% |
Recycled poultry bedding | NF |
= ↓ ↓ |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
NF |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
NF | (181) | |
| Combination of TA and AF | In vitro TA (0.02 g) + AF (0.02 g) + Wheat barn (0.01 g) | Commercial concentrate diet | ↓ | NF | = | NF | = | NF | NF | = | NF | NF | NF | = | (194) |
| CT |
In-vitro incubation 2.5% 5% 7.5% |
Cassava silage | NF |
= = = |
NF |
↑ ↑ ↑ |
↑ ↑ ↑ |
= = = |
NF |
= = = |
NF | NF | NF |
= = = |
(195) |
| HT Acacia nilotica |
In vitro Sheep 25% 50% 75% 100% |
Acacia nilotica leaves |
↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ |
NF |
= ↓ ↓ ↓ |
NF |
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ |
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ |
↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ |
↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ |
↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ |
↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ |
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ |
NF | (196) |
| Chestnut tannin, glycerol |
In vitro Bull Chestnut, 30% Glycerol, 30% Both 60% |
Ensiled cassava leaves F:C (60:40) |
↑ ↓ = |
↓ ↑ ↓ |
= = = |
NF |
= = = |
= ↑ = |
= ↑ = |
= = = |
↑ = ↑ |
= = = |
= = = |
= = = |
(197) |
| HT Chestnut CT mimosa |
In vivo sheep 10% | Oil diets | NF | NF |
↑ ↓ |
↑ ↓ |
= = |
= = |
↑ ↓ |
= = |
↑ ↓ |
= = |
↑ ↓ |
NF | (186) |
F:C, forage to concentrate ratio; TMR, total mixed ration; tVFA, total volatile fatty acid; DMI, dry matter intake; DMD, dry matter degradability; NF, not found; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; =, no effect; HT, hydrolysable tannins; CT, hydrolysable tannins; DFPP, dragon fruit peel powder; TA, tannic acid; AF, Allium fistulosum L.; ATE, acacia tannin extract.