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. 2020 Nov 25;11:5990. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19660-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Surgical procedure for implanting the device. From left to right: the skin is incised; the electrical stimulation cuff is introduced on the normal nerve; the radiofrequency harvester unit connected by stretchable extension electrodes is subcutaneously implanted to minimize movement; the skin is sutured and the stimulation is activated with a transmitting coil. b, c Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude measured from the gastrocnemius muscle while stimulating the sciatic nerve at various voltages (2.0–2.3 V; at 20 Hz) and frequencies (10, 15, 20 Hz; at 2.2 V). Independent devices (n = 10) in independent animals (n = 10). d Measured changes in CMAP amplitude generated by electrical stimulation at a frequency of 20 Hz after the surgery (0 h) and after 145 h of implantation. Independent devices (n = 5) in independent animals (n = 5). e Schematic illustration of the three different electrodes designs and the position of implantation: Type I device without extension electrode; Type II device with b-DCPU 80 encapsulated straight extension electrodes; and Type III device with b-DCPU 80 encapsulated serpentine extension electrodes. The wireless receiver antennas of Type II and III mount on the subcutaneous region; Type I resides in the muscle adjacent to the nerve. f Distance between the harvester and transmitter coils after implanting devices in rats (black dots) and minimum operating voltage required to induce muscle twitching for the different device designs (red bars). Data are presented as means ± s.e.m. n = 5 independent samples. g Minimum operating voltage required to induce muscle twitching as a function of time (black, Type II; red, Type III). n = 3 independent samples. h Images of PLGA cuff electrodes on the sciatic nerve for 6 weeks. (n = 3 independent animals per groups.) These images illustrate the release of the sciatic nerve from the bioresorbable stimulator after a therapeutic period. Data available in source data file.