TABLE 2.
Differences in the intensity of workplace bullying-related trauma symptoms between the participants who only witnessed bullying/mobbing (SWB), those who were bullying/mobbing victimized (SVB), and those who were both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing (VWB) in the workplace.
| 95% Confidence Interval for Mean |
||||||||||
| Workplace bullying-related trauma symptoms (STSS-M statements) | Sample subgroup | N | STSS-M item Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. Error | Lower bound | Upper bound | P (ANOVA) | Post-hoc analysis (Scheffe test) | |
| In the previous 2 weeks: | p | Subgroups: Std. Error (95% CI) | ||||||||
| 1. I felt emotionally numb after the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 2.42 | 1.316 | 0.269 | 1.86 | 2.97 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.92 | 0.793 | 0.229 | 1.41 | 2.42 | ||||
| Both victims and witnesses pf bullying/mobbing | 53 | 2.60 | 0.968 | 0.133 | 2.34 | 2.87 | ||||
| 0.127 | ||||||||||
| 2. My heart started pounding when I thought about bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 2.17 | 1.167 | .238 | 1.67 | 2.66 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.33 | 0.492 | 0.142 | 1.02 | 1.65 | 0.028 | VWB-SWB: 0.334 (0.08–1.74) | ||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 2.25 | 1.072 | 0.147 | 1.95 | 2.54 | ||||
| 0.026 | ||||||||||
| 3. It seemed as if I was reliving the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 1.96 | 1.160 | .237 | 1.47 | 2.45 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.25 | 0.452 | 0.131 | 0.96 | 1.54 | 0.058 | VWB-SWB: 0.348 (−0.02–1.74) | ||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 2.09 | 1.148 | 0.158 | 1.78 | 2.41 | ||||
| 0.058 | ||||||||||
| 4. I had trouble sleeping after the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 1.79 | 1.179 | 0.241 | 1.29 | 2.29 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.08 | .289 | 0.083 | .90 | 1.27 | ||||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 1.72 | 1.007 | 0.138 | 1.44 | 1.99 | ||||
| 0.107 | ||||||||||
| 5.I felt discouraged about the future after the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 2.00 | 1.216 | 0.248 | 1.49 | 2.51 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.17 | .577 | 0.167 | .80 | 1.53 | 0.030 | VWB-SWB: 0.391 (0.08–2.03) | ||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 2.23 | 1.325 | 0.182 | 1.86 | 2.59 | ||||
| 0.030 | ||||||||||
| 6. Reminders of the bullying/mobbing experience I had upset me. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 1.92 | 0.929 | 0.190 | 1.52 | 2.31 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.50 | 0.905 | 0.261 | .93 | 2.07 | ||||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 2.08 | 1.071 | 0.147 | 1.78 | 2.37 | ||||
| 0.208 | ||||||||||
| 7. I had little interest in being around others after the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 2.00 | 1.022 | 0.209 | 1.57 | 2.43 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.42 | 0.669 | 0.193 | .99 | 1.84 | ||||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 1.83 | 1.105 | 0.152 | 1.53 | 2.13 | ||||
| 0.285 | ||||||||||
| 8. I felt jumpy after the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 2.13 | 1.076 | 0.220 | 1.67 | 2.58 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.33 | .778 | 0.225 | 0.84 | 1.83 | 0.048 | VWB-SWB: .371 (0.01–1.85) | ||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 2.26 | 1.258 | 0.173 | 1.92 | 2.61 | ||||
| 0.047 | ||||||||||
| 9. I was less active than usual after the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 2.13 | 1.329 | 0.271 | 1.56 | 2.69 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.58 | 0.793 | 0.229 | 1.08 | 2.09 | 0.152 | |||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 2.13 | 1.359 | 0.187 | 1.76 | 2.51 | ||||
| 0.399 | ||||||||||
| 10. I thought about the bullying/mobbing experience I had when I didn’t intend to. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 2.13 | 1.361 | 0.278 | 1.55 | 2.70 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.50 | 0.674 | 0.195 | 1.07 | 1.93 | ||||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 2.00 | 1.092 | 0.150 | 1.70 | 2.30 | ||||
| 0.282 | ||||||||||
| 11. I had trouble concentrating after the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 1.83 | 1.090 | 0.223 | 1.37 | 2.29 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.25 | 0.452 | 0.131 | 0.96 | 1.54 | ||||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 1.85 | 0.969 | 0.133 | 1.58 | 2.12 | ||||
| 0.140 | ||||||||||
| 12. I avoided people, places, or things that reminded me of the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 1.96 | 1.268 | 0.259 | 1.42 | 2.49 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.50 | 1.000 | 0.289 | 0.86 | 2.14 | ||||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 2.26 | 1.318 | 0.181 | 1.90 | 2.63 | ||||
| 0.152 | ||||||||||
| 13. I had disturbing dreams about the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 1.58 | 1.213 | 0.248 | 1.07 | 2.10 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.08 | 0.289 | 0.083 | 0.90 | 1.27 | ||||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 1.53 | 0.912 | 0.125 | 1.28 | 1.78 | ||||
| 0.292 | ||||||||||
| 14. I wanted to avoid working with some people linked with the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 2.25 | 1.359 | 0.277 | 1.68 | 2.82 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.42 | 0.793 | 0.229 | 0.91 | 1.92 | 0.006 | VWB-SWB: 0.391 (0.31–2.26) | ||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 2.70 | 1.234 | 0.169 | 2.36 | 3.04 | ||||
| 0.005 | ||||||||||
| 15. I was easily annoyed after the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 1.83 | 0.917 | 0.187 | 1.45 | 2.22 | 0.027 | VWB-SVB: 0.288 (0.07–1.51) | |
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.75 | 1.138 | 0.329 | 1.03 | 2.47 | ||||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 2.62 | 1.274 | 0.175 | 2.27 | 2.97 | ||||
| 0.007 | ||||||||||
| 16. I expected something bad to happen after the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 1.58 | 0.881 | 0.180 | 1.21 | 1.96 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.50 | 0.798 | 0.230 | 0.99 | 2.01 | ||||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 2.02 | 1.101 | 0.151 | 1.72 | 2.32 | ||||
| 0.108 | ||||||||||
| 17. I noticed gaps in my memory about the bullying/mobbing experience I had. | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 1.54 | 0.833 | 0.170 | 1.19 | 1.89 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 1.17 | 0.389 | 0.112 | 0.92 | 1.41 | ||||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 1.83 | 1.156 | 0.159 | 1.51 | 2.15 | ||||
| 0.100 | ||||||||||
| Total score of STSS-M | Solely bullying/mobbing victims | 24 | 33.21 | 14.903 | 3.042 | 26.92 | 39.50 | |||
| Solely witnesses of bullying/mobbing to others | 12 | 23.75 | 7.436 | 2.147 | 19.03 | 28.47 | 0.019 | VWB-SWB: 4.23 (1.69–22.81) | ||
| Both victims and witnesses of bullying/mobbing | 53 | 36.00 | 13.446 | 1.847 | 32.29 | 39.71 | ||||
| 0.018 | ||||||||||
Mean and standard deviation, as well as 95% Confidence Intervals for the total STSS-M score and individual STSS-M items per SWB, VWB, and SVB subgroup are presented.