Table 1.
Participant characteristics (N = 2056)
| Mean (SD) or N (%) | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum zinc concentration (μg/dL) | |||||
| <80 (n = 889) | ≥80 (n = 1167) | ||||
| Age (years) | 61.9 | (13.1) | 59.3 | (12.8) | <.01 |
| Gender (men) | 545 | (61.3%) | 628 | (53.8%) | <.01 |
| Anthropometric measurements | |||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.3 | (3.6) | 23.4 | (3.6) | .41 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.1 | (10.0) | 83.6 | (10.0) | .27 |
| Healthy lifestyle characteristics | |||||
| Alcohol consumption (non–daily drinker) | 539 | (64.6%) | 800 | (73.6%) | <.01 |
| Smoking behavior (nonsmoker) | 731 | (87.4%) | 937 | (86.5%) | .55 |
| Exercise frequency (≥2 times per week) | 234 | (30.3%) | 318 | (30.9%) | .80 |
| Body mass index (18.5‐24.9 kg/m2) | 566 | (63.7%) | 745 | (63.8%) | .96 |
| Adequate sleep duration (yes) | 631 | (77.8%) | 808 | (77.0%) | .69 |
| Breakfast (every morning) | 665 | (79.4%) | 884 | (81.3%) | .28 |
| Snack between meals (no) | 585 | (79.3%) | 721 | (77.0%) | .27 |
| Proportion of participants with 6 or 7 total number of healthy lifestyle items | 212 | (32.9%) | 281 | (33.5%) | .82 |
| Hypertensive medication (yes) | 200 | (22.5%) | 210 | (18.0%) | .01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 124.9 | (15.9) | 124.4 | (15.6) | .47 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 77.1 | (10.1) | 77.1 | (10.2) | .47 |
| Diabetic medication (yes) | 50 | (5.6%) | 79 | (6.8%) | .29 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 101.5 | (18.2) | 101.1 | (17.4) | .70 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.8 | (0.6) | 5.9 | (0.6) | .04 |
| Fasting immunoreactive insulin | 7.7 | (6.3) | 8.0 | (5.4) | .34 |
| C‐peptide immunoreactivity | 1.75 | (0.86) | 1.71 | (0.77) | .03 |
| Dyslipidemia medication (yes) | 75 | (8.4%) | 115 | (9.9%) | .27 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 201.3 | (34.3) | 207.6 | (34.6) | <.01 |
| High‐density cholesterol (mg/dL) | 61.8 | (16.7) | 61.4 | (16.3) | .58 |
| Low‐density cholesterol (mg/dL) | 112.7 | (28.3) | 118.4 | (30.0) | <.01 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 108.0 | (85.0) | 116.5 | (84.6) | .03 |
| Hyperuricemia medication (yes) | 32 | (3.6) | 35 | (3.0) | .45 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.5 | (1.3) | 5.5 | (1.3) | .53 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 7.0 | (0.4) | 7.1 | (0.4) | <.01 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 | (0.3) | 4.4 | (0.3) | <.01 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.1 | (1.3) | 14.3 | (1.3) | <.01 |
| High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.14 | (0.47) | 0.10 | (0.26) | .03 |
| Organ damage/cardiovascular disease | |||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 52 | (5.8%) | 43 | (3.7%) | .02 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 20 | (2.2%) | 22 | (1.9%) | .56 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 75.0 | (16.9) | 76.6 | (16.2) | .03 |
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; N, number; SD, standard deviation.