Table 2.
Gender‐specific basic characteristics (N = 2056)
| Men (n = 1173) | Women (n = 883) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or N (%) | Mean (SD) or N (%) | |||||||||
| Serum zinc concentration (μg/dL) | Serum zinc concentration (μg/dL) | |||||||||
| <80 (n = 545) | ≥80 (n = 628) | <80 (n = 344) | ≥80 (n = 539) | |||||||
| Age (years) | 62.6 | (12.5) | 58.2 | (12.9) | <.01 | 60.7 | (14.0) | 60.6 | (12.5) | .92 |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 | (3.3) | 24.5 | (3.2) | .28 | 21.7 | (3.4) | 22.2 | (3.5) | .06 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.8 | (9.5) | 86.7 | (9.0) | .10 | 78.9 | (9.3) | 80.1 | (9.9) | .09 |
| Healthy lifestyle characteristics | ||||||||||
| Alcohol consumption (non–daily drinker) | 285 | (55.1%) | 366 | (63.2%) | <.01 | 254 | (79.9%) | 434 | (85.4%) | .04 |
| Smoking behavior (nonsmoker) | 434 | (83.6%) | 469 | (81.4%) | .34 | 297 | (93.7%) | 468 | (92.3%) | .45 |
| Exercise frequency (≥2 times per week) | 160 | (32.9%) | 195 | (34.8%) | .53 | 74 | (25.9%) | 123 | (26.2%) | .92 |
| Body mass index (18.5‐24.9 kg/m2) | 336 | (61.7%) | 365 | (58.1%) | .22 | 230 | (67.1%) | 380 | (70.5%) | .28 |
| Adequate sleep duration (yes) | 402 | (79.1%) | 447 | (79.0%) | .95 | 229 | (75.6%) | 361 | (74.6%) | .79 |
| Breakfast (every morning) | 412 | (79.2%) | 477 | (82.2%) | .21 | 253 | (79.6%) | 407 | (80.3%) | .80 |
| Snack between meals (no) | 369 | (79.7%) | 384 | (75.7%) | .14 | 216 | (78.5%) | 337 | (78.6%) | .99 |
| Proportion of participants with 6 or 7 total number of healthy lifestyle items | 120 | (28.9%) | 141 | (30. %1) | .69 | 92 | (40.2%) | 140 | (37.7%) | .55 |
| Hypertensive medication (yes) | 155 | (28.4%) | 135 | (21.5%) | <.01 | 45 | (13.1%) | 75 | (13.9%) | .73 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 126.5 | (15.2) | 126.9 | (14.3) | .67 | 122.4 | (16.8) | 121.6 | (16.5) | .45 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 78.5 | (9.9) | 79.2 | (9.9) | .25 | 75.0 | (10.2) | 74.8 | (10.4) | .78 |
| Diabetic medication (yes) | 44 | (8.1%) | 63 | (10.0%) | .25 | 6 | (1.7%) | 16 | (3.0%) | .26 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 105.1 | (18.6) | 105.4 | (19.8) | .80 | 95.6 | (15.9) | 96.2 | (12.3) | .57 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.9 | (0.7) | 5.9 | (0.7) | .20 | 5.7 | (0.5) | 5.8 | (0.5) | <.01 |
| Fasting immunoreactive insulin | 8.1 | (5.5) | 8.8 | (5.9) | .05 | 7.2 | (7.3) | 7.1 | (4.5) | .83 |
| C‐peptide immunoreactivity | 1.9 | (0.9) | 1.9 | (0.8) | .28 | 1.5 | (0.7) | 1.5 | (0.6) | .45 |
| Dyslipidemia medication (yes) | 52 | (9.5%) | 59 | (9.4%) | .93 | 23 | (6.7%) | 56 | (10.4%) | .06 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.7 | (33.0) | 200.3 | (34.4) | .02 | 210.0 | (34.4) | 216.1 | (33.0) | <.01 |
| High‐density cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56.9 | (15.5) | 55.4 | (13.8) | .10 | 69.6 | (15.6) | 68.3 | (16.3) | .24 |
| Low‐density cholesterol (mg/dL) | 115.1 | (28.0) | 119.1 | (30.4) | .02 | 123.2 | (29.7) | 128.5 | (28.7) | <.01 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 121.6 | (98.2) | 132.8 | (100.1) | .05 | 86.6 | (51.6) | 97.5 | (56.2) | <.01 |
| Hyperuricemia medication (yes) | 32 | (5.9) | 35 | (5.6) | .83 | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.0 | (1.2) | 6.2 | (1.2) | .02 | 4.7 | (1.1) | 4.8 | (1.1) | .18 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 6.9 | (0.4) | 7.1 | (0.4) | <.01 | 7.0 | (0.4) | 7.1 | (0.3) | <.01 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 | (0.3) | 4.4 | (0.3) | <.01 | 4.2 | (0.3) | 4.3 | (0.2) | <.01 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.6 | (1.2) | 15.1 | (1.1) | <.01 | 13.2 | (1.0) | 13.5 | (1.0) | <.01 |
| High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.15 | (0.48) | 0.11 | (0.30) | .13 | 0.12 | (0.44) | 0.09 | (0.21) | .18 |
| Organ damage | ||||||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 42 | (7.7%) | 31 | (4.9%) | .05 | 10 | (2.9%) | 12 | (2.2%) | .53 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 14 | (2.6%) | 14 | (2.2%) | .70 | 6 | (1.7%) | 8 | (1.5%) | .76 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 72.0 | (14.9) | 75.7 | (16.6) | <.01 | 79.8 | (18.7) | 77.8 | (15.8) | .09 |
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; N, number; SD, standard deviation.