Figure 1.
Workflow for human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived tools for clinical and preclinical research in traumatic brain injury (TBI). HiPSCs are induced from fibroblasts (skin biopsy) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC; blood collection). Three-dimensional (3D) constructs are engineered via bio-printing in biocompatible materials using hiPSC-derived cultured cells (bioinks). Bio-printed tissues can be enriched with pro-angiogenic molecules to enhance host vascularization after transplant. These 3D constructs could potentially be used for transplantation as part of regenerative therapies. Alternatively, hiPSC-derived cells can be grown as 2D and 3D cultures (brain organoids) that can be used for drug screening or in vitro disease modeling.