Table 1.
Clinical characteristics after propensity score matching (NHIR database).
| Variables | Before matching | After matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-trauma group (n = 122,924) |
Trauma group (n = 546) |
p Value | Non-trauma group (n = 1,551) |
Trauma group (n = 517) |
p Value | |
| Gender (Male) | 66,595 (54.2%) | 421 (77.1%) | < 0.001 | 1183 (76.3%) | 395 (76.4%) | 0.952 |
| Age (year) (IQR) | 65.9 (53.7–74.5) | 47.6 (29.0–64.3) | < 0.001 | 48.7 (34.2–64.9) | 48.7 (31.5–65.3) | 0.469 |
| Pre-admission Comorbidities | ||||||
| Charlson comorbidity index (IQR) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | < 0.001 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.075 |
| Myocardial infarction | 988 (0.8%) | 3 (0.6%) | 0.51 | 10 (0.6%) | 3 (0.6%) | 0.872 |
| Congestive heart failure | 5410 (4.4%) | 22 (4.0%) | 0.67 | 80 (5.1%) | 22 (4.3%) | 0.412 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 9742 (7.9%) | 13 (2.4%) | < 0.001 | 41 (2.6%) | 13 (2.5%) | 0.874 |
| Dementia | 1384 (1.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.04 | 6 (0.4%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.512 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 12,042 (9.8%) | 30 (5.5%) | < 0.001 | 90 (5.8%) | 30 (5.8%) | 0.999 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 12,025 (9.8%) | 28 (5.1%) | < 0.001 | 99 (6.4%) | 28 (5.4%) | 0.428 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 42,643 (34.7%) | 77 (14.1%) | < 0.001 | 209 (13.4%) | 77 (14.9%) | 0.419 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 7229 (5.9%) | 24 (4.4%) | 0.14 | 91 (5.8%) | 24 (4.6%) | 0.293 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 92,238 (75.0%) | 130 (23.8%) | < 0.001 | 388 (24.9%) | 130 (25.2%) | 0.953 |
| Advanced chronic kidney disease* | 51,628 (42.0%) | 41 (7.51%) | < 0.001 | 119 (7.6%) | 41 (7.9%) | 0.849 |
| In-hospital Acute Comorbidities | ||||||
| Pulmonary complications | ||||||
| Prolonged mechanical ventilation** | 10,506 (8.6%) | 416 (76.2%) | < 0.001 | 1184 (76.0%) | 387 (74.9%) | 0.494 |
| Re-intubation | 5989 (4.9%) | 228 (41.8%) | < 0.001 | 688 (44.2%) | 217 (42.0%) | 0.344 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 509 (0.4%) | 7 (1.3%) | 0.002 | 35 (2.3%) | 7 (1.4%) | 0.208 |
| Pleural effusion | 376 (0.3%) | 3 (0.6%) | 0.30 | 11 (0.7%) | 3 (0.6%) | 0.753 |
| Chest tube insertion | 1041 (0.9%) | 111 (20.3%) | < 0.001 | 247 (15.9%) | 90 (17.4%) | 0.429 |
| Hemodynamic complications | ||||||
| Hypovolemic shock | 668 (0.5%) | 12 (2.2%) | < 0.001 | 32 (2.1%) | 10 (1.9%) | 0.856 |
| ECMO use | 147 (0.1%) | 17 (3.1%) | < 0.001 | 44 (2.8%) | 12 (2.3%) | 0.532 |
| Main cause of infection | ||||||
| Pneumonia | 2346 (1.9%) | 5 (0.9%) | 0.09 | 14 (0.9%) | 5 (1.0%) | 0.894 |
| Urinary tract infection | 2984 (2.4%) | 4 (0.7%) | 0.01 | 19 (1.2%) | 4 (0.8%) | 0.397 |
| Severe sepsis | 6041 (4.9%) | 72 (13.2%) | < 0.001 | 243 (15.6%) | 68 (13.2%) | 0.166 |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| Index hospital stay (day) (IQR) | 6 (3–11) | 15 (5–34) | < 0.001 | 12 (5–28) | 15 (5–35) | 0.007 |
| Follow-up duration (year) (IQR) | 3.32 (0.1–8.85) | 2.49 () | ||||
| 30-day mortality | 2490 (2.0%) | 99 (18.1%) | < 0.001 | 248 (15.9%) | 95 (18.4%) | 0.207 |
| Long-term mortality | 73,777 (60.0%) | 134 (24.5%) | < 0.001 | 729 (46.8%) | 129 (25.0%) | < 0.001 |
| ESKD | 32,445 (26.4%) | 45 (8.2%) | < 0.001 | 208 (13.4%) | 55 (10.6%) | 0.892 |
ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ESKD, end stage kidney disease; IQR, interquartile range.
*Advanced chronic kidney disease: presence of CKD coding and concomitant reimbursement coding of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents without copayment.
**Prolonged mechanical ventilation: the use of mechanical ventilation ≥ 21 days.