Table 1.

Studies and type of samples

Serial number	Author (reference)	Number of neonates tested	Specimen tested	Results: neonatal and others	Positive/total tested
1.	Chen et al 45	6	NP, AF, cord blood, BM	Negative
2.	Cao et al 67	5	NP	Negative
3.	Hu et al 42	7	NP, urine, AF	NP +ve at 36 hours, others negative	1/7
4.	Zhu et al 57	10	NP	Negative(within 72 hours (8); between D7 and D9 (2))
5.	Zhang et al 102	10	NP	Negative
6.	Penfield C et al 103	11	NP, placental and membrane	NP: negative (D1 and D5) Placenta and membrane +ve	3/11
7.	Knight M et al 23	262	NP (n=244), blood or aspirate	+ve at <12 hours +ve at >12 hours	6/244 6/244
8.	Kayem G et al 25	181	NP	+ve	2/181
9.	Nayak A et al 26	134	NP (n=131)	+ve on D1, −ve on D5	3/131
10.	Yan J et al 24	86	NP (n=86); cord blood (n=10), AF (n=10)	Negative
11.	Khan S et al 64	17	NP	+ve within 24 hours	2/17
12.	Zeng L et al 41	33	NP, anal swab	Both +ve D2 and D4, −ve on D6	3/33
13.	Breslin N et al 59	18	NP	Negative
14.	Breslin N et al 114	7	NP	Negative
15.	Qiancheng X et al 107	23	NP	Negative
16.	Prabhu M et al 60	71	NP	Negative at 24 hours
17.	Shanes E et al 36	16	NP, placenta	Negative
18.	Savasi V et al 109	57	NP	+ve	4/57
19.	London V et al 27	48	NP	Negative
20.	Pierce-Williams R et al 63	33	NP	−ve at 24 hours, +ve at 48 hours	1/33
21.	Martínez-Perez O et al 65	82	NP	NP +ve at birth and negative at 48 hours (3); NP −ve at birth but +ve at D10 (2)	5/82
22.	Nie R et al 68	26	NP, Cord blood, Placenta	NP +ve at 36 hours, negative: all other samples, NP (D4, D8, D15)	1/26
23.	Yin M et al 46	17	NP (n=17), BM (n=14), AF (n=2), placenta (n=2), anal swab (n=5)	Negative
24.	Yang P et al 81	7	NP, cord blood, AF	Negative
25.	Yang H et al 73	55	NP	Negative
26.	Wu Y et al 47	5	NP, anal swab, BM	Negative, BM +ve	1/5
27.	Patane L et al 39	22	NP, placenta	NP +ve, placenta- chronic intervillitis, PCR +ve in placenta	2/22
28.	Ferrazzi E et al 28	42	NP	NP +ve on D1, D3 (2) NP equivocal at birth but +ve on D3 (1)	3/42
29.	Govind A et al 61	9	NP, placenta, AF	NP +ve	1/9
30.	Vintzileos W et al 113	29	NP	Negative
31.	Baergen R et al 37	21	NP	Negative
32.	Zeng H et al 54	6	NP neonatal blood	NP negative; elevated IgM and IgG (2); Elevated IgG, normal IgM (3)	Cytokine IL-6 elevated in all infants
33.	Liu Y et al 69	10	Foetal blood	Negative
34.	Mulvey J et al 38	5	Placenta	Negative
35.	Hantoushzadeh et al 75	4	NP	−ve at D1; +ve at D7	1/4
36.	Buonsenso et al 53	2	NP, AF, placenta, cord blood, rectal swab, BM	1st: NP −ve on D1, D4 and +ve on D15, placenta, AF, rectal swab-negative, weak IgG +ve, IgM −ve 2nd: placenta, breast milk: +ve but cord blood negative in neonate with NP negative result	1/2
37.	Fan C et al ()48	2	NP, AF, cord blood, BM, placenta, vaginal swab	Negative
38.	Liu W et al ()56	3	NP, cord blood, neonatal whole blood	Negative (D2)
39.	Lowe B et al ()62	1	NP	Negative
40.	Chen S et al ()104	3	NP, placenta	Negative
41.	Chen Y et al ()58	4	NP	Negative
42.	Gidlöf S et al ()76	2	NP	Negative (34 hours and 4.5 days)
43.	Khan S et al ()85	3	NP	Negative
44.	Schnettler W et al ()110	1	NP, AF	AF −ve, NP −ve on D1, D2
45.	Blauvelt C et al ()84	1	NP, rectal swab D2 IgG and IgM	NP −ve on D1, D2, D14 Rectal swab −ve on D2 IgG and IgM negative (D5)
46.	Alzamora M et al ()78	1	NP, cord blood	Negative for IgM and IgG; NP +ve at 16 hours and 48 hours	1/1
47.	Vivanti A et al ()29	1	NP, AF, vaginal swab, NBAL, neonatal blood and rectal swabs	NP +ve at 1 hour, D3, D18; rectal swab +ve at 1 hour, D3, D18; vaginal swab, NBAL, neonatal blood, AF +ve	1/1
48.	Song L et al ()49	1	NP, AF, cord blood, BM	NP −ve at D3, D7 All other negative
49.	Zambrano L et al ()87	1	NP	Negative
50.	Li Y et al ()44	1	NP, neonatal blood, faeces and urine	NP negative at birth and 48 hours All other negative
51.	Dong L et al ()55	1	NP, serum vaginal swab	IgM level elevated NP negative at 2 hours,16 hours	1/1
52.	Baud D et al ()33	1	NP, AF, placenta vaginal swabs	Placenta +ve  All other negative	1/1; 2nd trimester spontaneous miscarriage
53.	Wang X et al ()77	1	NP, AF, placenta, cord blood, gastric juice, faeces	NP −ve at D1, D3, D7, D9 All other negative
54.	Huang J et al ()86	1	NP	Negative
55.	Iqbal S et al ()105	1	NP	Negative
56.	Kalafat E et al ()79	1	NP, cord blood, Placenta	Negative
57.	Lee D et al ()80	1	NP, AF, cord blood, placenta, neonatal serum, anal swab	Negative
58.	Liao X et al ()106	1	NP, AF, cord blood, placenta	Negative
59.	Xiong X et al ()50	1	NP, AF, BM, rectal swab	Negative
60.	Wang S et al ()51	1	NP, placenta, cord blood, BM	NP +ve at 36 hours −ve in all others	1/1
61.	Zamaniyan M et al ()30	1	NP, cord blood, AF, vaginal secretion	NP: −ve at 0 hour, +ve at D2, D4, D6 AF +ve, all others negative	1/1
62.	Kirtsman M et al ()35	1	NP, placental, stool, BM neonatal plasma D4	NP +ve at D1, D2, D7 Placenta +ve Stool +ve D7, BM +ve	1/1
63.	Lyra J et al()74	1	NP	Negative
64.	Algarroba G et al ()34	1	NP	Negative at 0 hour, D2, D7
65.	Peng Z et al ()43	1	NP, NBAL fluid, sputum, urine	Negative
66.	Groß R et al ()52	2	BM, NP	Both NP +ve (>D7), BM +ve (1)	2/2,1/2
67.	Perrone S et al ()72	4	NP (3), Placenta (1)	NP negative on D1, placenta-negative
68.	Hosier H et al ()32	1	Placenta, cord blood	Both +ve	1/1; D&E at 22 weeks
69.	Pulinx B et al ()31	2	AF, placental	Both +ve	2/2, DCDA twin at 24 weeks
70.	Yu N et al ()108	2	AF in mid pregnancy	Negative
71.	Kulkarni et al ()117	1	NP, placenta, cord stump, neonatal blood	All +ve at 12 hours of life; serology −ve on D10 but +ve on D21	1/1
72.	Sisman J et al ()70	1	NP, placenta	NP +ve at 24 hours, 48 hours, D14; placenta +ve by electron microscopy	1/1

D&E- dilatation and evacuation; AF, amniotic fluid; BM, breast milk; D1, 1st day of life; D4, 4th day of life; DCDA, dichorionic diamniotic; NBAL, non-bronchoscopic broncho-alveolar lavage fluid; NP, neonatal pharyngeal/throat swab.