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Cobalt transporters.
Cobalt is transported through the outer membrane by porins or by TonB-dependent transporters (TBDT). From the periplasm, cobalt is transported through the inner membrane by a range of primary and secondary transporters. When cobalt is in excess, cobalt is transported out of the cytoplasm by MFS (major facilitator) permeases and RND (resistance nodulation division pumps) whose expression is controlled by a variety of metal-sensing proteins.
