Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of the Study Sample

Baseline characteristics	Loneliness				Social isolation
	Total	Yes	No		Total	Yes	No
	n = 1,427	n = 519	n = 908	P a	n = 1,333	n = 491	n = 842	P a
Age, mean (SD)	75.7 (6.6)	76.9 (6.6)	74.9 (6.5)	<.001	75.5 (6.5)	77.5 (6.5)	74.4 (6.3)	<.001
Sex, % women	51.5	56.5	48.7	<.01	51.4	62.9	44.7	<.001
Partner status, % without partner	41.9	59.0	32.2	<.001	40.8	80.7	17.6	<.001
Educational level
Low, %	42.0	44.3	40.7	.36	41.5	51.7	35.5	<.001
Medium, %	30.3	28.3	31.4		30.5	25.9	33.3
High, %	27.7	27.4	27.9		28.1	22.4	31.4
Depressive symptoms, CES‐D, mean (SD)	8.2 (7.6)	11.8 (8.5)	6.1 (6.4)	<.001	8.2 (7.7)	9.7 (8.0)	7.3 (7.4)	<.001
Social participation
Leisure activities, mean (SD)	1.7 (1.4)	1.5 (1.3)	1.7 (1.4)	<.01	1.7 (1.4)	1.5 (1.3)	1.8 (1.4)	<.001
Memberships of organizations, mean (SD)	1.8 (1.5)	1.6 (1.5)	1.9 (1.5)	<.001	1.8 (1.5)	1.5 (1.4)	1.9 (1.5)	<.001
Chronic diseases,%
Cardiac disease	26.9	27.0	26.9	.97	27.3	29.1	26.2	.26
Arterial disease	12.8	15.4	11.2	.02	12.8	16.1	10.9	<.01
Diabetes	8.0	8.9	7.5	.36	7.8	9.8	6.7	.04
Stroke	7.8	7.9	7.7	.90	7.8	10.0	6.5	.02
Arthritis	47.4	52.6	44.4	<.01	47.5	52.1	44.8	<.01
Cancer	12.2	11.4	12.7	.47	12.2	12.2	12.2	1.00
Lung disease	15.5	16.6	14.9	.39	15.5	16.3	15.0	.52
No. of chronic diseases, 0–7, mean (SD)	1.3 (1.1)	1.4 (1.1)	1.2 (1.1)	.02	1.3 (1.1)	1.5 (1.2)	1.2 (1.1)	<.001
Smoking, % current smokers	19.0	22.4	17.1	.01	19.2	21.0	18.2	.21
Frailty
Frailty phenotype, % frail (≥3)	13.0	17.5	10.5	<.001	12.5	16.9	9.9	<.001
Frailty index, % frail (≥.25)	27.2	39.1	20.4	<.001	26.8	36.3	21.3	<.001

Abbreviations: CES‐D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SD, standard deviation.

^aChi‐square test and t test.