Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Quartile of Daily Step Count Distribution
| Characteristic | Total (n = 3,616) | Daily step counts | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 904) | Q2 (n = 904) | Q3 (n = 904) | Q4 (n = 904) | |||
| Age, y a | 72.3 ± 5.4 | 74.8 ± 6.1 | 72.7 ± 5.3 | 71.4 ± 4.7 | 70.3 ± 4.2 | <.001 |
| Women, No. (%) b | 1,756 (48.6) | 476 (52.7) | 493 (54.5) | 448 (49.6) | 339 (37.5) | <.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 a | 22.6 ± 3.1 | 22.7 ± 3.6 | 22.8 ± 3.2 | 22.6 ± 2.9 | 22.4 ± 2.6 | .015 |
| Alcohol drinker, No. (%) b | 2,509 (69.4) | 583 (64.5) | 596 (65.9) | 637 (70.5) | 693 (76.7) | <.001 |
| Current smoker, No. (%) b | 368 (10.2) | 103 (11.4) | 85 (9.4) | 96 (10.6) | 84 (9.3) | .390 |
| Living alone, No. (%) b | 422 (11.7) | 107 (11.8) | 121 (13.4) | 114 (12.6) | 80 (8.9) | .013 |
| HSES, No. (%) b | 1,260 (34.8) | 289 (32.0) | 331 (36.6) | 318 (35.2) | 322 (35.6) | .183 |
| Education ≥13 y, No. (%) b | 880 (24.3) | 185 (20.5) | 207 (22.9) | 222 (24.6) | 266 (29.4) | <.001 |
| Denture use, No. (%) b | 2084 (57.6) | 555 (61.4) | 529 (58.5) | 522 (57.7) | 478 (52.9) | <.001 |
| No medication, No. (%) b | 883 (24.4) | 181 (20.0) | 190 (21.0) | 230 (25.4) | 282 (31.2) | <.001 |
| Hypertension, No. (%) b | 1,300 (36.0) | 369 (40.8) | 330 (36.5) | 303 (33.5) | 298 (33.0) | .002 |
| Stroke, No. (%) b | 113 (3.1) | 29 (3.2) | 31 (3.4) | 21 (2.3) | 32 (3.5) | .410 |
| Heart disease, No. (%) b | 427 (11.8) | 135 (14.9) | 120 (13.3) | 79 (8.7) | 93 (10.3) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, type II, No. (%) b | 353 (9.8) | 101 (11.2) | 84 (9.3) | 81 (9.0) | 87 (9.6) | .410 |
| Hyperlipidemia, No. (%) b | 400 (11.1) | 96 (10.6) | 118 (13.1) | 105 (11.6) | 81 (9.0) | .041 |
Note: The BMI was calculated by dividing the weight (kg) by the square of the height (m). For participants with missing values, the missing values were completed by multiple imputation: BMI (n = 7), alcohol status (n = 128), smoking status (n = 137), family structure (n = 266), socioeconomic status (n = 153), education attainment (n = 276), denture use (n = 93), and medications (n = 256). Q1 through Q4 include daily step count of fewer than 2,406, 2,406 to 3,619, 3,620 to 5,304, and 5,310 or more steps/day, respectively.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HSES, high socioeconomic status; Q, quartile. The P‐values indicated in bold are statistically significant (P < .05).
Continuous variables are shown as mean and standard deviation and were analyzed using variance analysis.
Categorical variables are shown as number of cases (percentage) and were analyzed using the chi‐squared test.