Table 3.
Odds Ratios for Daily Step Counts and the Prevalence of Frailty Calculated by Multivariate Logistic Regression
| Quartile of daily step counts | 1,000‐Step/d increment | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Q1 (n = 904) | Q2 (n = 904) | Q3 (n = 904) | Q4 (n = 904) | P for trend a | <4,000 Steps/d | ≥4,000 Steps/d |
| Steps/d | 1,759 (441) | 2,988 (345) | 4,377 (476) | 7,200 (1662) | |||
| FP model | |||||||
| Case, No. (%) | 148 (16.4) | 110 (12.2) | 86 (9.5) | 65 (7.2) | |||
| Model 1 b | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.73 (0.56–0.95) | 0.55 (0.41–0.74) | 0.41 (0.30–0.57) | <.001 | 0.73 (0.57–0.90) | 0.85 (0.73–0.97) |
| Model 2 c | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.73 (0.56–0.96) | 0.56 (0.42–0.76) | 0.41 (0.30–0.57) | <.001 | 0.74 (0.58–0.91) | 0.85 (0.72–0.97) |
| KCL | |||||||
| Case, No. (%) | 341 (37.7) | 249 (27.5) | 214 (23.7) | 164 (18.1) | |||
| Model 1 b | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.72 (0.58–0.88) | 0.64 (0.51–0.79) | 0.49 (0.39–0.61) | <.001 | 0.79 (0.67–0.91) | 0.89 (0.81–0.97) |
| Model 2 c | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.75 (0.61–0.93) | 0.67 (0.54–0.84) | 0.52 (0.41–0.66) | <.001 | 0.83 (0.71–0.96) | 0.89 (0.81–0.97) |
Note: Daily step counts are shown as means and standard deviations. Q1 through Q4 include daily step count of fewer than 2,406, 2,406 to 3,619, 3,620 to 5,304, and 5,310 or more steps/day, respectively, in total participants. The number of frailty people is shown as number of cases (percentage). Statistical values for the association of daily step count and prevalence of frailty are shown as the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval.
Abbreviations: FP, Fried phenotype; KCL, Kihon Checklist; Q, quartile; Ref, reference. The P‐values in bold are statistically significant (P < .05).
P values of linear trends were calculated by the likelihood ratio test using the exposure variable of daily step count as a continuous variable.
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, region, and season in which step count was assessed.
Model 2: in addition to the factors adjusted in model 1, we adjusted for body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, educational attainment, medication use, family structure, economic status, denture use, and history of hypertension, stroke, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, type II, and hyperlipidemia.