Table 2.
Group differences and time effect of components of lifestyles sustainability among gardeners and non-gardenersa
| Sustainability components, means (SD)b | Modelc | Gardeners (n = 66) | Non-gardeners (n = 66) | Group P-value | Time P-value | Group* Time P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| t0 | t1 | t0 | t1 | |||||
| Social/Health dimension | ||||||||
| Healthiness of household’s food supplyd,e | ||||||||
| Fruit & Vegetablesf (g/d/p) | B | 402.4 (238.2) | 400.0 (231.2) | 433.6 (285.4) | 445.6 (304.5) | 0.241 | 0.637 | 0.999 |
| MAR (% adequacy/2000 kcal) | B | 76.5 (7.3) | 75.8 (8.1) | 76.3 (7.1) | 76.9 (6.5) | 0.679 | 0.936 | 0.356 |
| MER (% excess/2000 kcal) | B | 96.6 (19.5) | 96.1 (23.4) | 100.2 (25.3) | 98.8 (29.7) | 0.617 | 0.705 | 0.844 |
| HPI [range: 0–15] | B | 8.7 (2.1) | 9.0 (2.1) | 9.0 (2.3) | 9.1 (1.9) | 0.218 | 0.282 | 0.604 |
| Physical activityg | ||||||||
| PAEE (kJ/kg/d) | A | 43.2 (13.8) | 40.3 (12.3) | 41.9 (12.4) | 39.9 (13.5) | 0.489 | 0.027 | 0.664 |
| Inactivity (h/d) | A | 9.4 (1.4) | 9.9 (1.5) | 9.4 (1.5) | 9.8 (1.4) | 0.333 | < 0.0001 | 0.995 |
| Low-intensity activity (h/d) | A | 2.8 (0.8) | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.8 (1.0) | 2.6 (0.8) | 0.792 | 0.003 | 0.544 |
| Moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity (h/d) | A | 1.9 (0.9) | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.7 (0.8) | 0.555 | < 0.001 | 0.362 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | D | 22.6 (3.1) | 22.8 (3.1) | 23.8 (4.0) | 23.9 (4.1) | 0.111 | 0.038 | 0.679 |
| WEMWBS [range: 14–70] | C | 51.1 (6.7) | 51.5 (6.9) | 51.8 (6.7) | 51.5 (5.7) | 0.406 | 0.899 | 0.546 |
| UCLA Loneliness Scale [range: 20–80] | C | 42.1 (10.4) | 40.1 (10.9) | 40.1 (9.8) | 40.5 (9.5) | 0.727 | 0.570 | 0.227 |
| Environmental dimension | ||||||||
| High sensitivity to food waste, n (%) | C | 30 (45.5) | 40 (60.6) | 27 (40.9) | 30 (45.5) | 0.274 | 0.018 | 0.214 |
| Nature Relatedness Scale [range: 1–5] | C | 4.1 (0.5) | 4.1 (0.5) | 3.9 (0.5) | 4.0 (0.5) | 0.060 | 0.198 | 0.395 |
| Environmental impact of household’s food supplyd,e | ||||||||
| GHGE (in g CO2eq/2000 kcal)f | B | 3099 (997) | 3151 (1131) | 3294 (886) | 3240 (889) | 0.382 | 0.836 | 0.678 |
| Atmospheric acidification (in g SO2eq/2000 kcal)f | B | 33.1 (12.2) | 33.3 (12.0) | 37.6 (15.0) | 35.4 (12.1) | 0.256 | 0.398 | 0.373 |
| Marine eutrophication (in g Neq/2000 kcal)f | B | 11.9 (3) | 12.5 (3.9) | 13.3 (3.5) | 13 (3.9) | 0.124 | 0.972 | 0.271 |
| Animal to plant protein ratio of household food supplyf | B | 56.9 (16.1) | 56.4 (17.4) | 61.8 (15.4) | 59.1 (15.6) | 0.368 | 0.091 | 0.245 |
| Economic dimension | ||||||||
| Household food expenditure (€/d/p)d,e | B | 7.0 (3.1) | 6.7 (3.2) | 6.8 (3.3) | 6.8 (3.2) | 0.841 | 0.682 | 0.630 |
| Expenditure share by food groups (%)d,e | ||||||||
| Fruits & Vegetables | B | 26.5 (11.1) | 27.0 (10.4) | 26.6 (12.3) | 29.4 (15.6) | 0.258 | 0.100 | 0.237 |
| Starches | B | 10.1 (5.2) | 10.6 (5.1) | 9.2 (4.7) | 8.8 (4.5) | 0.177 | 0.836 | 0.228 |
| Meat, fish & Eggs | B | 18.8 (9.5) | 18.7 (10.2) | 20.2 (9.2) | 20.2 (10.9) | 0.507 | 0.908 | 0.901 |
| Dairy products | B | 11.8 (5.1) | 11.5 (4.8) | 11.3 (4.4) | 11.2 (5.2) | 0.495 | 0.669 | 0.825 |
| Mixed dishesf | B | 8.9 (6.2) | 8.4 (6.1) | 8.3 (6.1) | 8.9 (8.2) | 0.098 | 0.496 | 0.998 |
| Sweet products | B | 10.4 (5.5) | 11.7 (8.2) | 11.1 (5.6) | 10.1 (6.0) | 0.853 | 0.855 | 0.078 |
| Added fats & seasoningsf | B | 4.4 (3.0) | 4.9 (2.8) | 3.5 (2.6) | 3.6 (2.6) | 0.003 | 0.507 | 0.216 |
| Beveragesf | B | 9.5 (6.2) | 8.4 (5.8) | 10.1 (7.4) | 8.1 (6.1) | 0.745 | 0.021 | 0.240 |
a Abbreviations: GHGE GreenHouse Gas Emissions, HPI Healthy Purchase Index, MAR Mean Adequacy ratio, MER Mean Excess Ratio, PAEE Physical activity energy expenditure, WEMBWS The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale
b Unless specified
c Model A was adjusted on BMI and education level. Model B = Model A + percentage of meals consumed outside of the home. Model C = Model A + social desirability scale. Model D was adjusted on education level, percentage of meals consumed outside of the home and social desirability scale
d Variable measured at the household level and not at the individual one
e Including produce from the garden and foods from gifts or food aid. For food expenditure variables, a mean price was attributed to these foods (see Method section)
f Variable was log-transformed to improve normality
g Participants with less than 3 valid days (≥ 10 h of wearing the accelerometer wearing during daytime) were excluded from the analysis resulting in 65 gardeners and 65 controls at t0, and 64 gardeners and 62 controls at t1