Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants and households enrolled for exposure measurements
| Cross-sectional measurements | Before-and-after measurements | |
|---|---|---|
| Characteristics of participants | ||
| No of women | 79 | 41 |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 37.4 (10.4) | 23.6 (2.8) |
| Number of school years, mean (SD) | 2.5 (3.3) | 7.5 (5.1) |
| Primary cook, n(%) | 71 (88) | 39 (96) |
| Household characteristics | ||
| Kitchen Characteristics | ||
| Fully enclosed (roof with 4 walls)n(%) | 80 (99) | 33 (80) |
| Kitchen size in m2, mean (SD) | 9.6 (4.0) | 10.1 (4.0) |
| Kitchen height in m, mean (SD) | 3.0 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.6) |
| Kitchen type,n(%) | ||
| Separate building | 16 (20) | 7 (18) |
| Separate room attached to main house | 45 (56) | 19 (46) |
| Main living area in house | 20 (25) | 10 (24) |
| Primary cooking fuel/stove,n(%) | ||
| Biomass | 51 (63) | N/Aa |
| LPG stove | 30 (37) | N/A |
| Number of stoves used,n(%) | ||
| One Stove | 40 (49) | 29 (71) |
| Two stoves | 31 (38) | 11 (27) |
| More than two stoves | 10 (12) | 1 (2) |
| Other HAP sources | ||
| Main lighting source,n(%) | ||
| Kerosene lamp | 4 (5) | 4 (10) |
| Electricity | 77 (95) | 37 (90) |
| Secondary lighting source,n(%) | ||
| Kerosene lamp | 56 (69) | 27 (66) |
| Other | 2 (2) | 2 (5) |
| Main heating source,n(%) | ||
| No heating | 56 (69) | 25 (61) |
| Cooking fire | 25 (31) | 16 (39) |
| Other Sources, n(%) | ||
| Garbage Burning | 17 (21) | 11 (27) |
| Use of mosquito coils | 27 (33) | 7 (17) |
| Smoke from neighbour’s home | 30 (37) | 12 (29) |
| Smoker in householdb | 33 (41) | 20 (49) |
| Incense burning | 64 (79) | 36 (88) |
aPrimary cooking fuel/stove for before-after measurements is not provided as only exclusive biomass users were eligible to be enrolled at baseline
bOnly non-smoking women were eligible to be enrolled. All reported smokers in households were male