Table 2.

Factor Structure and Measurement (Non-) Invariance of a Five-Factor Model of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire across Informants

			Loading Invariance				Intercept Invariance
Item #	Item Content	b (SE)	Child	Teen	Parent- Child	Parent- Teen	Child	Teen	Parent- Child	Parent- Teen
Corporal Punishment
APQ-33	Your parents spank you with their hand when you have done something wrong.	1.00 (0.00)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-35	Your parents slap you when you have done something wrong.	1.02 (0.13)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-38	Your parents hit you with a belt, switch, or object when you have done something wrong.	1.86 (0.20)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
Inconsistent Discipline
APQ-3	Your parents threaten to punish you and then do not do it.	1.00 (0.00)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✖	✔
APQ-8	You talk your parents out of punishing you after you have done something wrong.	1.43 (0.19)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-12	Your parents give up trying to get you to obey them because it's too much trouble.	0.88 (0.16)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✖	✔	✔
APQ-22	Your parents let you out of a punishment early (like lift restrictions earlier than they originally said).	1.08 (0.13)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-25	Your parents do not punish you when you have done something wrong.	0.79 (0.17)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-31	The punishment your parents give depends on their mood.	0.89 (0.17)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✖	✖
Positive Parenting
APQ-2	Your parents tell you that you are doing a good job.	1.00 (0.00)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-5	Your parents reward or give something extra to you for behaving well.	0.96 (0.09)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-13	Your parents compliment you when you have done something well.	0.89 (0.06)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-16	Your parents praise you for behaving well.	1.23 (0.08)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-18	Your parents hug or kiss you when you have done something well.	1.28 (0.09)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-27	Your parents tell you that they like it when you help out around the house.	1.00 (0.08)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-6	You fail to leave a note or let your parents know where you are going.	1.00 (0.00)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-10	You stay out in the evening past the time you are supposed to be home.	0.99 (0.08)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-17	Your parents do not know the friends you are with.	0.86 (0.10)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✖	✔
APQ-19	You go out without a set time to be home.	1.01 (0.11)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✖	✔
APQ-21	You go out after dark without an adult with you.	1.15 (0.12)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✖	✔
APQ-24	Your parents get so busy that they forget where you are and what you are doing.	0.61 (0.07)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-28	You stay out later than you are supposed to and your parents don't know it.	0.79 (0.09)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-29	Your parents leave the house and don't tell you where they are going.	0.53 (0.10)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-30	You come home from school more than an hour past the time your parents expect you to be home.	0.73 (0.09)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-32	You are at home without an adult being with you.	0.73 (0.11)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✖	✔	✖
Parental Involvement
APQ-1	You have a friendly talk with your mom.	1.00 (0.00)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-4	Your mom/dad helps with some of your special activities (such as sports, boy/girl scouts, church youth groups).	1.07 (0.11)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-7	You play games or do other fun things with your mom/dad.	1.16 (0.09)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-9	Your mom/dad asks you about your day in school.	0.92 (0.10)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-11	Your mom/dad helps you with your homework.	1.09 (0.12)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✖	✔	✖
APQ-14	Your mom/dad asks you what your plans are for the coming day.	1.00 (0.11)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-15	Your mom/dad drives you to a special activity.	0.98 (0.11)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
APQ-20	Your mom/dad talks to you about your friends.	1.14 (0.11)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✖
APQ-26	Your mom/dad goes to a meeting at school, like a PTA meeting or parent/teacher conference.	1.09 (0.11)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔

✔Model parameter is invariant across informants. ✖ Model parameter is non-invariant across informants.

Note. APQ = Alabama Parenting Questionnaire.