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. 2020 Oct 22;12(11):3225. doi: 10.3390/nu12113225

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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XOS supplementation did not affect the serum levels of (a) IL-10; (b) IL-12 or; (c) TNFα or; (d) the hepatic IL1β mRNA but the LFD groups had higher levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10. The serum cytokines were analyzed after 12 weeks of diet intervention using 9-plex ELISA, Quansys and Q-View software. Out of nine cytokines, only the levels of IL-10, IL-12 and TNFα were detectable in rats. IL1β mRNA was analyzed from hepatic cDNA with qPCR. n = 8–10/diet group. The different data points are shown with black dots in all graphs. * indicates statistically significant difference between the groups in all graphs.