Table 2.
Characteristics of the study participants based on presentation of pulmonologist-confirmed COVID-19 symptoms
| Symptomatic | Asymptomatic | Total | Incidence of symptoms | Odds of symptoms | OR for symptoms (vs counterfactual) | 95% CI | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
N (% of total) |
80 (30.65%) |
181 (69.35%) |
261 (100%) |
0.31 | 0.44 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Median age (years) | 38 | 40 | 39 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Mean age (years) | 38.94 | 39.77 | 39.52 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
Age > mean age (39.52 years) (% of column n with age > 39.52) |
43 (53.75%) |
87 (48.07%) |
130 (49.81%) |
0.33 | 0.49 | 1.26 | 0.74 to 2.13 | 0.40 |
|
Female gender (% of column n of females) |
35 (43.75%) |
85 (46.96%) |
120 (45.98%) |
0.29 | 0.41 | 0.88 | 0.52 to 1.49 | 0.63 |
|
Clinical job (% of column n with clinical job) |
69 (86.25%) |
161 (88.95%) |
230 (88.12%) |
0.30 | 0.43 | 0.78 | 0.35 to 1.71 | 0.53 |
|
Non-clinical job (% of column n with non-clinical job) |
11 (13.75%) |
20 (11.05%) |
31 (11.88%) | 0.35 | 0.55 | 1.28 | 0.58 to 2.82 | |
|
High school education (% of column n with high school education) |
21 (26.25%) |
27 (14.92%) |
48 (18.39%) |
0.44 | 0.78 | 2.03 | 1.07 to 3.87 | 0.03 |
|
College education (% of column n with college education) |
33 (41.25%) |
88 (48.62%) |
121 (46.36%) |
0.27 | 0.38 | 0.74 | 0.44 to 1.26 | 0.27 |
|
Graduate education (% of column n with graduate education) |
26 (32.50%) |
66 (36.46%) |
92 (35.25%) |
0.28 | 0.39 | 0.84 | 0.48 to 1.46 | 0.54 |
In calculating the percentages, 80/261 = 30.65% of the 261 study participants presented symptoms, therefore yielding an incidence ratio of 0.31 and an odds of symptoms of 0.31/(1–0.31) = 0.44. In controlling for confounders, we found that 35/80 = 43.75% symptomatic patients were female, while 85/181 = 46.96% of the controls were female, and females represented 120/261 = 45.98% of the total study participants. The incidence of symptoms among females was 35/120 = 0.29, yielding an odds of 0.41. Therefore, the odds ratio of female symptoms (vs male symptoms, not shown for brevity) was 0.88, revealing that females were less likely than males to present as symptomatic. However, this was not significant (p = 0.63) as the confidence interval of the odds ratio ranges from as low as 0.52 to as high as 1.49, where the latter figure reveals that females may be at more risk for presenting symptoms. Figures presented for other confounders of clinical job, and education level were calculated similarly, and for clarity, both clinical job and its counterfactual (non-clinical job) are displayed