Table 4.
Multivariable analyses of the association of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption, blood pressure (BP), and vascular function, adjusted for age, sex and BMI.
| All Subjects | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI) | p-Value | B (95% CI) | p-Value | B (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Systolic BP, laboratory (mmHg) | 0.05 (−0.17, 0.28) | 0.641 | −0.11 (−0.32, 0.09) | 0.259 | 0.29 (−0.11, 0.68) | 0.151 |
| Diastolic BP, laboratory (mmHg) | 0.01 (−0.19, 0.22) | 0.892 | −0.08 (−0.31, 0.16) | 0.488 | 0.10 (−0.27, 0.47) | 0.573 |
| ABPM, peripheral BP | ||||||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | ||||||
| Overall | 0.25 (0.03, 0.46) | 0.029 | 0.15 (−0.07, 0.38) | 0.167 | 0.38 (−0.02, 0.78) | 0.062 |
| Daytime | 0.32 (0.09, 0.56) | 0.008 | 0.23 (−0.01, 0.47) | 0.057 | 0.49 (0.03, 0.95) | 0.039 |
| Nighttime | 0.20 (−0.04, 0.44) | 0.096 | 0.18 (−0.13, 0.49) | 0.221 | 0.22 (−0.26, 0.69) | 0.349 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | ||||||
| Overall | 0.14 (−0.03, 0.31) | 0.093 | 0.07 (−0.11, 0.26) | 0.392 | 0.22 (−0.09, 0.54) | 0.145 |
| Daytime | 0.18 (0.01, 0.36) | 0.049 | 0.08 (−0.12, 0.27) | 0.418 | 0.36 (0.01, 0.71) | 0.044 |
| Nighttime | 0.11 (−0.08, 0.30) | 0.240 | 0.08 (−0.19, 0.35) | 0.510 | 0.11 (−0.26, 0.48) | 0.549 |
| MAP (mmHg) | ||||||
| Overall | 0.18 (−0.01, 0.36) | 0.052 | 0.10 (−0.09, 0.28) | 0.283 | 0.28 (−0.05, 0.61) | 0.090 |
| Daytime | −0.03 (−0.41, 0.36) | 0.887 | −0.01 (−0.57, 0.55) | 0.974 | −0.04 (−0.66, 0.59) | 0.906 |
| Nighttime | 0.14 (−0.06, 0.33) | 0.158 | 0.11 (−0.15, 0.38) | 0.375 | 0.14 (−0.24, 0.52) | 0.439 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | ||||||
| Overall | 0.01 (−0.18, 0.20) | 0.913 | 0.06 (−0.19, 0.31) | 0.600 | 0.07 (−0.29, 0.43) | 0.694 |
| Daytime | 0.17 (−0.06, 0.39) | 0.147 | 0.20 (−0.14, 0.53) | 0.218 | 0.05 (−0.24, 0.34) | 0.724 |
| Nighttime | −0.03 (−0.25, 0.19) | 0.787 | 0.02 (−0.23, 0.26) | 0.882 | −0.14 (−0.57, 0.29) | 0.498 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
| Overall | 0.10 (−0.03, 0.23) | 0.115 | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.23) | 0.283 | 0.14 (−0.08, 0.36) | 0.200 |
| Daytime | 0.22 (0.03, 0.41) | 0.027 | 0.09 (−0.12, 0.30) | 0.371 | 0.46 (0.14, 0.78) | 0.008 |
| Nighttime | 0.10 (−0.04, 0.23) | 0.170 | 0.10 (−0.07, 0.27) | 0.240 | 0.11 (−0.16, 0.38) | 0.391 |
| ABPM, central BP | ||||||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | ||||||
| Overall | 0.23 (−0.01, 0.46) | 0.060 | 0.05 (−0.17, 0.26) | 0.629 | 0.39 (−0.01, 0.78) | 0.054 |
| Daytime | 0.20 (−0.02, 0.41) | 0.074 | 0.06 (−0.15, 0.28) | 0.521 | 0.56 (0.08, 1.04) | 0.025 |
| Nighttime | 0.13 (−0.08, 0.34) | 0.215 | 0.07 (−0.16, 0.30) | 0.512 | 0.23 (−0.25, 0.71) | 0.329 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | ||||||
| Overall | 0.12 (−0.08, 0.33) | 0.293 | 0.03 (−0.16, 0.22) | 0.712 | 0.26 (−0.13, 0.64) | 0.176 |
| Daytime | 0.16 (−0.05, 0.38) | 0.134 | 0.06 (−0.15, 0.27) | 0.556 | 0.38 (−0.08, 0.83) | 0.098 |
| Nighttime | 0.09 (−0.10, 0.28) | 0.326 | 0.06 (−0.16, 0.27) | 0.562 | 0.13 (−0.31, 0.58) | 0.535 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
| Overall | 0.06 (−0.03, 0.16) | 0.192 | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.13) | 0.733 | 0.14 (−0.03, 0.31) | 0.099 |
| Daytime | 0.7 (−0.04, 0.18) | 0.215 | 0.02 (−0.11, 0.15) | 0.743 | 0.17 (−0.04, 0.38) | 0.099 |
| Nighttime | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.13) | 0.330 | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.11) | 0.744 | 0.12 (−0.06, 0.29) | 0.183 |
| Aortic pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
| Overall | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.07) | 0.723 | −0.06 (−0.18, 0.06) | 0.286 | −0.00 (−0.16, 0.16) | 0.997 |
| Daytime | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.09) | 0.983 | −0.05 (−0.19, 0.08) | 0.384 | 0.08 (−0.12, 0.27) | 0.443 |
| Nighttime | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.04) | 0.265 | −0.07 (−0.15, 0.01) | 0.097 | −0.06 (−0.27, 0.15) | 0.549 |
| Nighttime SBP dip (%) | −0.02 (−0.19, 0.16) | 0.836 | −0.06 (−0.30, 0.19) | 0.624 | −0.01 (−0.30, 0.27) | 0.938 |
| Nighttime DBP dip (%) | 0.02 (−0.22, 0.27) | 0.846 | −0.05 (−0.44, 0.335) | 0.776 | 0.11 (−0.26, 0.48) | 0.537 |
| Wave reflection and arterial stiffness | ||||||
| Augmentation Index (%) | ||||||
| Adjusted for HR | −0.13 (−0.34, 0.07) | 0.199 | −0.26 (−0.53, 0.005) | 0.054 | 0.07 (−0.27, 0.42) | 0.676 |
| Adjusted for sex, age, HR a | −0.07 (−0.25, 0.12) | 0.482 | −0.20 (−0.47, 0.07) | 0.126 | 0.15 (−0.13, 0.43) | 0.288 |
| Carotid-femoral PWV (m/s) | ||||||
| Adjusted for MAP | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) | 0.272 | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.007) | 0.243 | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) | 0.238 |
| Adjusted for sex, BMI, MAP b | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00) | 0.146 | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.007) | 0.243 | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.01) | 0.180 |
a Adjusted for age and HR in men and women. b Adjusted for BMI and MAP in men and women. ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; B, unstandardized beta coefficient; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PWV, pulse wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Significant results are in bold.