Table 1.
The operational parameters (flow rate ratio (FRR), total flow rate (TFR), and temperature) and chemical formulations used in each experiment.
| Batch Code 1 | Fluidic Parameters | Lipid Composition (mM) 3 | Temperature (°C) |
Size (Z-Average) (nm) |
Dispersity | Z-Potential (mV) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TFR (mL/min) | FRR | Reynolds Number 2 | PC | DPPC | Chol | ODA | PEG-40 | |||||
| #1 PC | 1 | 5 | 9.79 | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 171.9 ± 2.7 | 0.285 ± 0.042 | ND |
| #2 PC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 170.5 ± 4.6 | 0.241 ± 0.030 | ND |
| #3 PC | 1 | 25 | 16.18 | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 169.0 ± 0.8 | 0.133 ± 0.025 | ND |
| #4 PC | 1 | 50 | 17.30 | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 179.8 ± 2.4 | 0.188 ± 0.009 | ND |
| #5 PC | 5 | 5 | 48.95 | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 177.9 ± 1.8 | 0.279 ± 0.029 | ND |
| #6 PC | 5 | 10 | 65.83 | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 173.4 ± 2.0 | 0.252 ± 0.016 | ND |
| #7 PC | 5 | 25 | 80.88 | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 184.2 ± 1.5 | 0.320 ± 0.008 | ND |
| #8 PC | 5 | 50 | 86.52 | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 214.0 ± 3.3 | 0.375 ± 0.010 | ND |
| #9 PC | 10 | 5 | 97.90 | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 228.4 ± 9.5 | 0.437 ± 0.036 | ND |
| #10 PC | 10 | 10 | 131.66 | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 240.3 ± 9.2 | 0.481 ± 0.018 | ND |
| #11 PC | 10 | 25 | 161.75 | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 253.9 ± 3.0 | 0.494 ± 0.020 | ND |
| #12 PC | 10 | 50 | 173.04 | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 272.5 ± 7.4 | 0.522 ± 0.011 | ND |
| #13 PC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | 16 | - | - | - | - | RT | 122.1 ± 0.5 | 0.145 ± 0.013 | −3.4 ± 0.3 |
| #14 PC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | 50 | - | - | - | - | RT | ND | ND | −13.2 ± 0.5 |
| #15 PC | 1 | 5 | 9.79 | 200 | - | - | - | - | RT | 245.6 ± 4.0 | 0.469 ± 0.086 | ND |
| #16 PC | 1 | 5 | 9.79 | 40 | - | - | - | - | RT | 150.5 ± 5.4 | 0.240 ± 0.043 | ND |
| #17 PC | 1 | 5 | 9.79 | 5 | - | - | - | - | RT | 125.4 ± 1.1 | 0.220 ± 0.006 | ND |
| #18 PC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | 14.4 | - | 1.6 | - | - | RT | 110.9 ± 2.6 | 0.184 ± 0.033 | ND |
| #19 PC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | 12.8 | - | 3.2 | - | - | RT | 143.0 ± 0.4 | 0.175 ± 0.006 | ND |
| #20 PC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | 11.2 | - | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 134.5 ± 1.4 | 0.146 ± 0.022 | −0.3 ± 0.2 |
| #21 PC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | 9.6 | - | 6.4 | - | - | RT | 142.3 ± 1.5 | 0.082 ± 0.023 | ND |
| #22 PC | 1 | 5 | 9.79 | 11.2 | - | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 80.0 ± 0.2 | 0.117 ± 0.017 | ND |
| #23 PC | 1 | 15 | 14.75 | 11.2 | - | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 135.8 ± 1.0 | 0.087 ± 0.018 | ND |
| #24 PC | 1 | 20 | 15.63 | 11.2 | - | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 141.5 ± 0.9 | 0.075 ± 0.006 | ND |
| #25 PC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | 12.8 | - | 1.6 | 1.6 | - | RT | 92.9 ± 0.2 | 0.167 ± 0.006 | 15.6 ± 0.3 |
| #26 DPPC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | - | 16 | - | - | - | RT | ND | ND | 7.8 ± 0.7 |
| #27 DPPC | 1 | 5 | 9.79 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 162.8 ± 1.6 | 0.167 ± 0.046 | ND |
| #28 DPPC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 185.2 ± 1.7 | 0.212 ± 0.004 | 3.7 ± 0.4 |
| #29 DPPC | 1 | 15 | 14.75 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 198.8 ± 1.2 | 0.208 ± 0.012 | ND |
| #30 DPPC | 1 | 20 | 15.63 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 201.1 ± 0.6 | 0.219 ± 0.007 | ND |
| #31 DPPC | 5 | 5 | 48.95 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 131.9 ± 1.0 | 0.085 ± 0.028 | ND |
| #32 DPPC | 5 | 10 | 65.83 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 139.7 ± 1.3 | 0.073 ± 0.002 | ND |
| #33 DPPC | 5 | 15 | 73.75 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 136.9 ± 0.4 | 0.089 ± 0.016 | ND |
| #34 DPPC | 5 | 20 | 78.13 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 138.6 ± 1.9 | 0.088 ± 0.011 | ND |
| #35 DPPC | 10 | 5 | 97.90 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 105.9 ± 1.1 | 0.093 ± 0.017 | ND |
| #36 DPPC | 10 | 10 | 131.66 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 97.3 ± 0.6 | 0.103 ± 0.012 | ND |
| #37 DPPC | 10 | 15 | 147.50 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 94.9 ± 0.9 | 0.085 ± 0.011 | ND |
| #38 DPPC | 10 | 20 | 156.26 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | RT | 88.4 ± 1.1 | 0.069 ± 0.015 | ND |
| #39 DPPC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | - | 12.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | RT | ND | ND | 25.9 ± 1.6 | |
| #40 DPPC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | - | 13.6 | - | 1.6 | 0.8 | RT | 54.4 ± 0.5 | 0.144 ± 0.020 | 29.8 ± 3.0 |
| #41 DPPC | 1 | 15 | 14.75 | - | 13.6 | - | 1.6 | 0.8 | RT | 54.8 ± 0.9 | 0.130 ± 0.007 | 45.6 ± 3.4 |
| #42 DPPC | 1 | 20 | 15.63 | - | 13.6 | - | 1.6 | 0.8 | RT | 56.6 ± 0.7 | 0.158 ± 0.013 | 36.3 ± 2.7 |
| #43 DPPC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | - | 12.8 | - | 1.6 | 1.6 | RT | 75.3 ± 0.3 | 0.190 ± 0.016 | 17.4 ± 0.7 |
| #44 DPPC | 1 | 15 | 14.75 | - | 12.8 | - | 1.6 | 1.6 | RT | 81.3 ± 1.0 | 0.209 ± 0.010 | 20.8 ± 0.5 |
| #45 DPPC | 1 | 20 | 15.63 | - | 12.8 | - | 1.6 | 1.6 | RT | 77.2 ± 1.0 | 0.195 ± 0.007 | 29.8 ± 2.9 |
| #46 DPPC | 1 | 5 | 9.79 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | 65 | 177.6 ± 2.1 | 0.222 ± 0.017 | ND |
| #47 DPPC | 1 | 10 | 13.17 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | 65 | 196.1 ± 1.5 | 0.238 ± 0.023 | ND |
| #48 DPPC | 1 | 15 | 14.75 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | 65 | 186.7 ± 1.9 | 0.154 ± 0.005 | ND |
| #49 DPPC | 1 | 20 | 15.63 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | 65 | 195.8 ± 2.7 | 0.224 ± 0.017 | ND |
| #50 DPPC | 5 | 5 | 48.95 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | 65 | 138.7 ± 2.3 | 0.076 ± 0.019 | ND |
| #51 DPPC | 5 | 10 | 65.83 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | 65 | 143.5 ± 1.0 | 0.101 ± 0.006 | ND |
| #52 DPPC | 5 | 15 | 73.75 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | 65 | 124.9 ± 1.3 | 0.094 ± 0.026 | ND |
| #53 DPPC | 5 | 20 | 78.13 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | 65 | 125.6 ± 1.9 | 0.085 ± 0.015 | ND |
| #54 DPPC | 10 | 5 | 97.90 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | 65 | 101.1 ± 0.7 | 0.044 ± 0.009 | ND |
| #55 DPPC | 10 | 10 | 131.66 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | 65 | 93.9 ± 1.2 | 0.055 ± 0.008 | ND |
| #56 DPPC | 10 | 15 | 147.50 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | 65 | 90.6 ± 0.4 | 0.057 ± 0.008 | ND |
| #57 DPPC | 10 | 20 | 156.26 | - | 11.2 | 4.8 | - | - | 65 | 86.6 ± 1.7 | 0.066 ± 0.008 | ND |
| #58 PC * | - | 5 * | - | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 193.6 ± 2.9 | 0.260 ± 0.012 | ND |
| #59 PC * | - | 10 * | - | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 192.1 ± 2.7 | 0.242 ± 0.007 | ND |
| #60 PC * | - | 25 * | - | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 193.2 ± 1.7 | 0.302 ± 0.030 | ND |
| #61 PC * | - | 50 * | - | 100 | - | - | - | - | RT | 208.2 ± 24.5 | 0.325 ± 0.056 | ND |
Each liposome batch is reported together with its corresponding fluidic parameters and chemical formulation, and the physico-chemical properties of the end product. Values of liposome size, dispersity, and zeta potential represent the means of three measurements with the corresponding standard deviations. Flow rate ratio (FRR) is defined as the ratio between the inlet volumetric flow rates of water and the ethanolic lipid solution, and TFR as the total volumetric flow rate (i.e., the sum of ethanol and water flow rates). 1 The batch code given represents the number of the produced liposome batch along with its fluidic parameters and chemical formulation, and the resultant size and dispersity values. 2 Reynolds number was calculated based on the volumetric ratios of water and ethanol, considering the values of TFR and FRR, and fluid’s physical properties. 3 Given parameters represent the amount of the phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine soybean (P90G) or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)), stabilizer (cholesterol (Chol) and/or octadecylamine (ODA)), or polyoxyethylene (40) stearate (PEG-40) in the liposome batch, reported in millimolar (mM) concentration. * The liposome batch was produced using the ethanol injection technique as a batch method; FRR values in millifluidic production correspond to the volume ratios (VRs) of water to ethanolic lipid solution in batch production. ND: not determined. RT: room Temperature.