Table 1.
Parental, household, and child characteristics by parental feeding concerns and practices at 2 years among participants from Project Viva (Mean (SD) or %).
| Overall | Concerns about Child Weight—Overweight | Concerns about Child Weight—Underweight | Pressure to Eat | Restrictive Feeding | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n = 178 (15%) |
No n = 992 (85%) |
Yes n = 77 (7%) |
No n = 1094 (93%) |
Yes n = 545 (47%) |
No n = 617 (47%) |
Yes n = 98 (8%) |
No n = 1069 (92%) |
||
| Characteristics | |||||||||
| Maternal | |||||||||
| Age at enrollment, years | 32.5 (4.8) | 32.7 (4.5) | 32.5 (4.8) | 32.6 (4.6) | 32.5 (4.8) | 32.0 (5.0) a | 32.9 (4.6) | 31.6 (5.7) | 32.6 (4.7) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 24.5 (5.0) | 27.0 (6.2) a | 24.0 (4.6) | 23.4 (4.7) a | 24.6 (5.0) | 24.2 (4.9) a | 24.8 (5.1) | 26.5 (6.2) a | 24.3 (4.8) |
| Education, college graduate | 74.1% | 80.3% a | 73.1% | 75.3% | 74.0% | 75.6% | 72.9% | 55.1% a | 76.1% |
| Marital status, married or cohabitating | 94.4% | 96.1% | 94.1% | 98.7% | 94.1% | 93.4% | 95.3% | 84.7% a | 95.2% |
| Diet score (A-HEI) during pregnancy | 61.2 (9.8) | 60.4 (9.8) | 61.3 (9.8) | 62.0 (10.0) | 61.1 (9.8) | 61.2 (9.8) | 61.1 (9.9) | 59.5 (10.1) | 61.3 (9.8) |
| Paternal/household | |||||||||
| Household income, >70,000 US dollars | 65.0% | 66.3% | 64.8% | 61.5% | 65.3% | 64.4% | 65.8% | 37.7% a | 67.8% |
| Paternal BMI, kg/m2 | 26.4 (3.8) | 28.0 (4.5) a | 26.0 (3.6) | 25.5 (3.4) | 26.4 (3.9) | 26.2 (3.9) | 26.5 (3.7) | 27.1 (4.6) a | 26.3 (3.7) |
| Child | |||||||||
| Sex, female | 49.7% | 57.3% a | 48.2% | 48.1% | 49.7% | 45.7% a | 53.5% | 46.9% | 50.0% |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| White | 70.9% | 71.9% | 70.7% | 61.0% a | 71.6% | 66.2% a | 74.9% | 37.8% a | 74.0% |
| Black | 11.3% | 7.9% | 11.9% | 14.3% | 11.1% | 11.2% | 11.2% | 33.7% | 9.2% |
| Hispanic | 3.1% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 5.2% | 2.9% | 4.4% | 1.9% | 10.2% | 2.4% |
| Other | 14.8% | 16.3% | 14.5% | 19.5% | 14.4% | 18.2% | 12.0% | 18.4% | 14.4% |
| Body mass index, z-score at 2 years | 0.71 (1.03) | 1.06 (1.03) a | 0.64 (1.01) | 0.11 (1.03) a | 0.75 (1.02) | 0.48 (0.99) a | 0.91 (1.03) | 1.04 (1.06) a | 0.68 (1.02) |
| YHEI total score at 2 years | 55.4 (9.4) | 55.4 (9.0) | 55.4 (9.4) | 54.3 (10.4) | 55.5 (9.3) | 54.8 (9.6) a | 55.9 (9.1) | 54.2 (9.7) | 55.5 (9.3) |
a Significantly different (p < 0.05) compared to the group with the absence of the corresponding parental concern or behavior.