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Comparison of species richness (left panel) and Shannon index (right panel) in total cohort based on receipt of (A) current antibiotics, (B) proton pump inhibitors (PPI) over the past 3 months, and (C) C. difficile colonization. ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, *p < 0.05, ns, not significant; Wilcoxon rank sum test.
