TABLE 3.
Error Codes and Examples
| Error code | # Instances | Example error | Example target |
|---|---|---|---|
| Incorrect place | 77 | pɹeɪn | train |
| Incorrect manner | 66 | ka.bi k∧p | coffee cup |
| Incorrect voicing | 23 | pɪk | pig |
| Incorrect vowel | 43 | bol | ball |
| Deletion | 58 | kol | cold |
| Addition | 30 | hoʊ.pɛ.f∂l | hopeful |
| Metathesis | 6 | nɛts | nest |
Each error was coded using 7 possible error codes. (1) Incorrect place of articulation, (2) manner, (3) voicing, and (4) vowel. (5) Addition was defined as the insertion of extra phonemes or syllables into the target structure, while (6) deletion was the omission of phonemes or syllables from the target structure. (7) Metathesis was coded when the patient transposed phonemes or syllables in the target word.