Figure 2.

Schematic illustration of the impact of oxidative stress and natural antioxidants on hypertension of developmental origin. Red arrow indicates early-life insults in pregnancy causes increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and fetal programming, consequently resulting in hypertension in adult offspring. Oxidative stress acts as a central hub through which mechanisms contributing to programming hypertension are interconnected. These mechanisms include dysregulated the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), nitric oxide (NO) deficiency, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and impaired nutrient-sensing signals. Conversely, natural antioxidants can serve as reprogramming strategies to reverse the programmed processes and prevent the developmental programming of hypertension, which is indicated by green T-bar lines.