Table 2.

Animal models dealing with natural antioxidants for hypertension reprogramming.

Natural Antioxidants	Animal Models	Intervention Period	Species/ Gender	Age at BP Determination (week)	Beneficial Effects	Ref.
Amino acids
3% L-glycine in chow	Maternal low protein diet	Pregnancy and lactation	Wistar/M	4	Prevented hypertension	[70]
0.25% L-citrulline in drinking water	Maternal STZ-induced diabetes	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[31]
0.25% L-citrulline in drinking water	Maternal L-NAME exposure	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[71]
0.25% L-citrulline in drinking water	Prenatal dexamethasone exposure	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[72]
0.25% L-citrulline in drinking water	Genetic hypertension	2 weeks before until 6 weeks after birth	SHR/M & F	50	Prevented hypertension	[73]
3% L-taurine in drinking water	Maternal highsugar diet	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/F	8	Prevented hypertension	[74]
3% L-taurine in drinking water	Maternal STZ-induced diabetes	Pregnancy and lactation	Wistar/M & F	16	Prevented hypertension	[75]
L-tryptophan 200 mg/kg BW/day via oral gavage	Maternal adenosine-induced CKD	Pregnancy	SD/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[76]
BCAA-supplemented diets	Maternal caloric Restriction	Pregnancy	SD/M	16	Prevented hypertension	[77]
Amino acids plus vitamins
L-arginine, L-taurine, Vitamins C and E	Genetic hypertension	2 weeks before until 8 weeks after birth	SHR/M& F	9	Prevented hypertension	[78]
L-arginine, L-taurine, Vitamins C and E	Genetic hypertension	2 weeks before until 4 weeks after birth	FHH/M & F	36	Prevented hypertension	[79]
L-arginine, L-taurine, Vitamins C and E	Genetic hypertension	2 weeks before until 8 weeks after birth	SHR/M & F	50	Prevented hypertension	[80]
Vitamins
Vitamin C, E, folic acid and selenium	Maternal caloric Restriction	Pregnancy	Wistar/ M & F	16	Prevented hypertension	[81]
Vitamin C 350 mg/kg/day i.p. daily	Prenatal LPS Exposure	Gestational day 8 to 14	SD/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[82]
5 mg/kg folate in chow	Maternal low protein diet	Pregnancy	Wistar/M	15	Prevented hypertension	[83]
α-tocopherol 350 mg/kg/day via gavage	Prenatal LPS Exposure	Gestational day 13 to 20	Wistar/M	28	Prevented hypertension	[84]
Melatonin
0.01% melatonin in drinking water	Maternal caloric restriction	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[30]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water	Maternal methyl-donor diet	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	12	Attenuated hypertension	[38]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water	Maternal constant light exposure	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[85]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water	Maternal L-NAME exposure	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[86]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water	Maternal high-fructose diet	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[87]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water	Maternal high-fructose diet plus post-weaning high-salt diet	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	12	Attenuated hypertension	[88]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water	Prenatal dexamethasone exposure	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	16	Prevented hypertension	[89]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water	Prenatal dexamethasone exposure plus post-weaning high-fat diet	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	16	Prevented hypertension	[90]
Melatonin 10 mg/kg BW/day in drinking water	Genetic hypertension model	Pregnancy	SHR/M	16	Prevented hypertension	[91]
Resveratrol
50 mg/L resveratrol in drinking water	Maternal plus post-weaning high-fructose diet	Pregnancy and lactation	SD rat/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[92]
50 mg/L resveratrol in drinking water	Maternal bisphenol A exposure and high-fat diet	Pregnancy and lactation	SD rat/M	16	Prevented hypertension	[44]
0.05% resveratrol in drinking water	Maternal TCDD and dexamethasone exposures	Pregnancy and lactation	SD rat/M	16	Prevented hypertension	[45]
50 mg/L resveratrol in drinking water	Maternal L-NAME plus postnatal high-fat diet	Pregnancy and lactation	SD rat/M	16	Attenuated hypertension	[93]
4 g/kg diet resveratrol	Genetic hypertension model	Pregnancy and lactation	SHR/M & F	20	Prevented hypertension	[94]
N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
1% NAC in drinking water	Suramin-induced preeclampsia	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[34]
1% NAC in drinking water	Maternal L-NAME exposure	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[84]
1% NAC in drinking water	Prenatal dexamethasone and postnatal high-fat diet	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[95]
1% NAC in drinking water	Genetic hypertension model	Pregnancy and lactation	SHR/M	12	Prevented hypertension	[96]
NAC 500 mg/kg/day in drinking water	Maternal nicotine exposure	Gestational day 4 to postnatal day 10	SD/M	32	Prevented hypertension	[32]
Others
Conjugated linoleic acid	Maternal high-fat diet	Pregnancy and lactation	SD/M	18	Attenuated hypertension	[97]
Fish oil	Maternal low protein diet	Pregnancy and 10 days after birth	Wistar/M &F	25	Prevented hypertension	[98]

Studies tabulated according to types of natural antioxidant, animal models and age at measure. STZ = streptozotocin. L-NAME = N^G-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester. CKD = chronic kidney disease. BCAA = branched-chain amino acid. LPS = lipopolysaccharide. TCDD = 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. SD = Sprague-Dawley rat. SHR = spontaneously hypertensive rat. FHH = Fawn hooded hypertensive rat. M = male. F = female.