Table I.
Characteristics for COVID-19 status.
| Variable | Total | COVID-19 (n = 114) | Non-COVID-19 (n = 290) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, yrs (SD) | 83.52 (8.66) | 85.16 (8.67) | 82.88 (8.59) | 0.017* |
| Age, n (%) | ||||
| < 85 | 194 (48) | 44 (38.6) | 150 (51.7) | 0.017† |
| ≥ 85 | 210 (52) | 70 (61.4) | 140 (48.3) | |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 123 (30.4) | 43 (37.7) | 80 (27.6) | 0.046† |
| Female | 281 (69.6) | 71 (62.3) | 210 (72.4) | |
| NOF type, n (%) | ||||
| Extracapsular | 206 (51) | 53 (46.5) | 153 (52.8) | 0.257† |
| Intracapsular | 198 (49) | 61 (53.5) | 137 (47.2) | |
| Side of injury n (%) | ||||
| Right | 191 (47) | 58 (50.9) | 133 (45.9) | 0.376† |
| Left | 209 (52) | 54 (47.4) | 155 (53.4) | |
| Unknown | 4 (1) | 2 (1.8) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Pre-admission residence, n (%) | ||||
| Home | 309 (76.5) | 80 (70.2) | 229 (79) | 0.038† |
| Institution | 89 (22) | 30 (26.3) | 59 (20.3) | |
| Unknown | 6 (1.5) | 4 (3.5) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Mean AMTS (SD) | 7.09 (3.49) | 6.58 (3.92) | 7.27 (3.31) | 0.086* |
| AMTS, n (%) | ||||
| ≥ 7 | 253 (62.6) | 65 (57) | 188 (64.8) | 0.071† |
| ≤ 6 | 128 (31.7) | 38 (33.3) | 90 (31) | |
| Unknown | 23 (5.7) | 11 (9.6) | 12 (4.1) | |
| Mean ASA grade | 3.06 (0.65) | 3.16 (0.68) | 3.01 (0.63) | 0.040* |
| ASA grade, n (%) | ||||
| 1 | 4 (1) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (1) | 0.196† |
| 2 | 54 (13.7) | 12 (10.5) | 42 (14.5) | |
| 3 | 257 (65.2) | 76 (66.7) | 181 (62.4) | |
| 4 | 75 (19) | 30 (26.3) | 45 (15.5) | |
| 5 | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (0.7) | |
| 6 | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | |
| 1 to 2 | 58 (14.4) | 12 (10.5) | 46 (15.9) | 0.293† |
| 3+ | 336 (83.2) | 98 (86) | 238 (82.1) | |
| Unknown | 10 (2.5) | 4 (3.5) | 6 (2.1) | |
| Mean NHFS (SD) | 5.2 (1.54) | 5.51 (1.5) | 5.08 (1.54) | 0.012* |
| NHFS, n (%) | ||||
| ≤ 5 | 219 (54.2) | 57 (50) | 162 (55.9) | 0.287† |
| ≥ 6 | 185 (45.8) | 57 (50) | 128 (44.1) | |
| Malignancy, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 52 (13) | 12 (10.5) | 40 (13.8) | 0.368† |
| No | 347 (86) | 101 (88.6) | 246 (84.8) | |
| Unknown | 5 (1) | 1 (0.9) | 4 (1.4) | |
| Preoperative Hb < 100, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 50 (12) | 17 (14.9) | 33 (11.4) | 0.328† |
| No | 351 (87) | 96 (84.2) | 255 (87.9) | |
| Unknown | 3 (1) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Comorbidities ≥ 2, n (%) | () | () | () | |
| Yes | 303 (75) | 92 (80.7) | 211 (72.8) | 0.087† |
| No | 98 (24) | 21 (18.4) | 77 (26.6) | |
| Unknown | 3 (1) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Surgery, n (%) | ||||
| THA | 13 (3.2) | 4 (3.5) | 9 (3.1) | 0.073† |
| Hemiarthroplasty | 160 (39.6) | 46 (40.4) | 114 (39.3) | |
| DHS | 121 (30.0) | 26 (22.8) | 95 (32.8) | |
| IM nail | 91 (22.5) | 33 (28.9) | 56 (19.3) | |
| Cannulated screws | 6 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.1) | |
| Conservative | 10 (2.5) | 5 (4.4) | 5 (1.7) | |
| Unknown | 3 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | |
| Anaesthesia, n (%) | ||||
| GA | 219 (54.2) | 63 (55.3) | 156 (53.8) | 0.376† |
| Spinal | 160 (39.6) | 41 (36) | 119 (41) | |
| N/A | 15 (3.7) | 5 (4.4) | 10 (3.4) | |
| Unknown | 10 (2.5) | 5 (4.4) | 5 (1.7) | |
| Mean time to surgery, days (SD) | 1.46 (1.27) | 1.49 (1.01) | 1.45 (1.36) | 0.756* |
| Time to surgery, n (%) | ||||
| < 48 hrs | 270 (66.8) | 70 (61.4) | 200 (69) | 0.316† |
| ≥ 48 hrs | 118 (29.2) | 38 (33.3) | 80 (27.6) | |
| Unknown/N/A | 16 (4.0) | 6 (5.3) | 10 (3.4) |
*
Mann-Whitney U test.
†
Chi-squared test.
AMTS, Abbreviated Mental Test Score; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists Score; DHS, dynamic hip screw; GA, general anaesthesia; Hb, haemoglobin; IM, intramedullary; N/A, not applicable; NHFS, Nottingham Hip Fracture Score; NOF, neck of femur fracture; THA, total hip arthroplasty.