TABLE 3.
AUC of vitamin secretion into milk, mean concentrations, and infant intake from milk during 8 h, by treatment1
| P values | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AUC secretion to milk and infant vitamin intake | Pairwise | Pairwise Control- | Pairwise | |||||
| Vitamin | Unit of measure, per 8 h | Control | Bolus | Divided | Treatment | Control-Bolus | Divided | Bolus-Divided |
| Riboflavin2 | AUC secretion to milk,3 μg · min−1 · mL−1 | 84.5 [75.8–94.3] | 154.4 [138.2–172.5] | 120.9 [108.6–134.6] | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.008 |
| Mean concentration,4 μg/L | 205.9 (185.9, 228.1) | 340.9 (307.3, 378.2) | 283.0 (255.9, 312.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.035 | |
| Infant intake,5,6 μg | 34.5 (30.0, 39.6) | 64.5 (56.1, 74.3) | 49.4 (43.1, 56.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.029 | |
| Thiamin7 | AUC secretion to milk,3,6,8 μg · min−1 · mL−1 | 7.7 [7.2–8.3] | 10.9 [10.1–11.7] | 11.0 [10.2–11.8] | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.986 |
| Mean concentration,4,6 μg/L | 19.9 (18.5, 21.4) | 25.0 (23.1, 27.0) | 26.0 (24.2, 28.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.719 | |
| Infant intake,5,6 μg | 3.4 (2.9, 4.0) | 5.1 (4.4, 6.0) | 4.8 (4.1, 5.6) | 0.0014 | 0.0029 | 0.008 | 0.858 | |
| Pyridoxal | AUC secretion to milk,3 μg · min−1 · mL−1 | 60.8 [55.8–66.3] | 90.5 [82.8–98.9] | 81.2 [74.3–88.7] | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.218 |
| Mean concentration,4 μg/L | 148.2 (136.1, 161.3) | 202.9 (186.0, 221.5) | 190.9 (174.9, 208.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.598 | |
| Infant intake,5,6 μg | 25.0 (21.4, 29.2) | 39.4 (33.5, 46.4) | 33.6 (28.7, 39.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.029 | 0.399 | |
| Niacin8 | AUC secretion to milk,3 μg · min−1 · mL−1 | 80.7 [70.6–92.3] | 85.0 [73.9–97.8] | 86.0 [74.9–98.8] | 0.742 | |||
| Mean concentration,4 μg/L | 194.8 (167.2, 227.0) | 209.5 (179.0, 245.1) | 195.6 (167.0, 229.2) | 0.664 | ||||
| Infant intake,5,6 μg | 32.2 (27.5, 37.8) | 37.3 (31.7, 43.9) | 36.4 (30.9, 42.8) | 0.216 | ||||
| Cobalamin | AUC secretion to milk,3 μg · min−1 · mL−1 | 0.041 [0.035–0.048] | 0.054 [0.047–0.061] | 0.042 [0.036–0.049] | 0.026 | 0.039 | 0.975 | 0.064 |
| Mean concentration,4 μg/L | 1.36 (1.33, 1.38) | 1.41 (1.38, 1.44) | 1.36 (1.33, 1.38) | 0.010 | 0.020 | 1.000 | 0.021 | |
| Infant intake,5 μg | 0.015 (0.013, 0.018) | 0.023 (0.020, 0.027) | 0.018 (0.015, 0.021) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.427 | 0.0032 | |
n = 26 dyads. Treatment differences were analyzed using mixed-effects models with a random intercept for subject and controlled for multiple comparisons. Values are least-squares means (95% CIs). The Bolus treatment was 30 g LNS, the Divided treatment was 10 g LNS provided 3 times. LNS, lipid-based nutrient supplement.
Riboflavin = riboflavin + (FAD × 0.497 × 5.24).
Values are mean [IQR] milk nutrient concentration from the 8-h clinic visit, for each treatment group. P values were based upon mixed-effects models accounting for pair matching. Tukey's test was used for pairwise comparisons.
Milk content was calculated using AUC and represents a time-weighted average of the milk vitamin concentrations multiplied by the amount of time between the first and last feeds. Treatment differences were analyzed using mixed-effects models with a random intercept for subject. Analysis was controlled for the time between the first and last feeds. Where the order in which the treatments were provided was significantly associated with the outcome, treatment order was included as a covariate.
Infant intake is the sum of the products of feed-specific milk intake and milk vitamin concentration. Treatment differences were analyzed using mixed-effects models with a random intercept for subject.
Analysis was controlled for treatment order.
Thiamin = thiamin + (thiamin monophosphate × 0.871) + (thiamin pyrophosphate × 0.707).
Niacin = nicotinamide.