Table 2.
Primary tumors where the discussed E3 ubiquitin-ligases involved in EMT are mutated or aberrantly expressed.
| Protein | Associated Cancers | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Smurf 1 | Overexpressed in colorectal and gastric cancer | [102,103] |
| Smurf 2 | Overexpressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | [104] |
| Itch | Overexpressed in breast cancer, lung cancer and amplification in 20q11.22 in thyroid carcinoma | [105,106,107] |
| WWP1 | Overexpressed in prostate cancer and breast cancer | [108,109] |
| HectD1 | Downregulated in breast cancer and cervical cancer | [71,72] |
| Fbxw7 | Inactivated by mutation in bile duct, blood, endometrium, colon and stomach cancer. | [110] |
| Downregulated in cholangiocarcinoma | [111] | |
| Fbxw1 (β-TrCP1) | Expression increased in colorectal cancer | [112] |
| Fbxl5 | Downregulated in gastric cancer | [83] |
| Fbxl14 | Downregulated in breast cancer | [86] |
| Fbxo11 | Deleted or mutated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma | [113] |
| Expression decreased in skin cancer, glioblastoma and prostate cancer | [114] | |
| Reduced expression is correlated with adverse clinical outcome in lung cancer | [88] | |
| Fbxo16 | Expression attenuated with cancer progression in breast cancer | [89] |
| Downregulated in glioblastoma | [115] | |
| Fbxo31 | Downregulated in gastric cancer, breast cancer and hepatocellular | [116,117,118] |
| Fbxo45 | Overexpressed in squamous-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) | [119] |
| Downregulated in gastric cancer | [120] | |
| Mdm2 | Overexpressed in leukemias and on-third of sarcomas, lung cancer and ovarian cancer | [121,122,123] |
| Trim50 | Downregulated in hepatocarcinoma and ovarian cancer | [93,124] |
| Trim62 | Mutated and downregulated in breast cancer | [125] |
| Downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | [126] | |
| Rbbp6 | Overexpressed in esophageal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer and colorectal cancer | [95,127,128,129,130] |
| Ppil2 | Downregulated in breast cancer | [96] |
| Cbl | Downregulated in lung cancer | [131] |
| Cbl-b | Downregulated in gastric and breast cancer | [98,99] |
| Associated with better outcome in NSCLC patients | [132] | |
| Hakai | Overexpressed in colorectal cancer and NSCLC | [101,133] |