Monitoring the effect of metabolites 1–3 on AKT/ERK/MAPK signaling. RAW 264.7 macrophages were pre-incubated for 1 h with the respective disulfide and then activated for 20, 30 or 60 min with 100 ng/mL LPS. Cell lysates were electrophoresed in Western blot (A,D). Analysis of band intensity was quantified using Image Lab and compared to carbowax 400 0.1% v/v + 0.01% ethanol treated cells (B,C) and (E,F). Disulfide concentrations used for 1 and 2 treatments was 15.62 μΜ and for 3 it was 31.25 μΜ. Statistical analysis was carried out using a Mann–Whitney unpaired t-test in Graphpad Prism 7.0 and graphs represent mean ± SEM (* indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001 compared to carbowax 400).