Table 2.
Application of DES/NADES in combination with the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of bioactive compounds from the various plant material in the last three years.
| Plant Material | Selected DES/NADES (Number of Tested Solvents) |
∆Extraction Conditions | Type of Chemical Compounds/Index Determined | Instrumental Analysis | Reference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | F | |||||
| Virgin olive pomace |
§ChCl:citric acid (4) |
1:2 | 20% | 80/1 | 30 | 60 °C | 200 |
Secoiridoids: oleuropein, hydroxytyrsol, Phenolic acid: caffeic acid Phenolic aldehyde: vanillin Flavonoids: rutin, luteolin |
HPLC-DAD | [52] |
| TPC, DPPH | Spectrophotometry | |||||||||
| Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora L.) |
ChCl:lactic acid (11) |
1:2 | 32% | 100/1 | 17.1 | 63.7 °C | 700 | 25 different phenolic compounds including: 8 iridoid glycosides, 12 phenylpropanoid glycosides, 5 flavonoid glycosides |
HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF-MS | [68] |
| TPC | Spectrophotometry | |||||||||
| Sea buckthorn leaves (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) |
ChCl:1,4-butanediol (12) |
1:3 | 20% | 47.6/1 | 17 | 64 °C | 600 | Flavonoids: rutin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin | HPLC-DAD | [143] |
| Flos Sophorae Immaturus | ChCl:1,4-butanediol (9) |
1:2 | 25% | 38.5/1 | 20 | 62 °C | 600 | Flavonoids: rutin, nicotiflorin, narcissin, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin | HPLC-UV | [144] |
| Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) |
ChCl:lactic acid (10) |
1:2 | 20% | 76.9/1 | 14 | 45 °C | ND | Anthocyanins: delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O- rutinoside | HPLC-UV | [145] |
| TAC | Spectrophotometry | |||||||||
| Chuanxiong rhizoma | ChCl:1,2-propanediol (20) |
1:1 | 30% | 33.3/1 | 20 | 68 °C | 1360 | Phenolic acid: ferulic acid | HPLC-UV | [146] |
| Onion peel (Allium cepa L.) |
ChCl:urea (3) |
1:2 | 30% | 20/1 | 120 | 60 °C | 850 | Flavonoids: quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin | LC-MS/MS HPLC-UV |
[54] |
| TPC, FRAP, DPPH | Spectrophotometry | |||||||||
| Cocoa bean shell | ChCl:oxalic acid (16) |
1:1 | 49.4% | 50/1 | 11.4 | 35.1 °C | 800 |
Phenolic acids: gallic acid, caffeic acid Flavonoids: catechin, epicatechin |
HPLC-DAD | [147] |
| DPPH | Spectrophotometry | |||||||||
| Ripe mango (Mangifera indica L.) |
Sodium acetate: lactic acid (8) | 1:3 | 30% | 16.7/1 | 19.7 | ND | 436 | Xanthone: mangiferin | HPLC-UV/ViS | [55] |
| TPC, FRAP, DPPH | Spectrophotometry | |||||||||
| Mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) |
ChCl:glycerol (12) |
1:2 | 20% | 50/1 | 18 | 66 °C | 600 | Phenolic acids: neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid Flavonoids: rutin, isoquercetin, astragalin | HPLC-UV | [148] |
| Olive leaf (Olea europa) |
ChCl:ethylene glycole (9) |
1:2 | 43.3% | 133.3/1 | 16.7 | 79.6 °C | ND | 48 different phenolic compounds identifed, the most important are: eleoside, elonolic acid, hydroxyoleuropein, luteolin glucoside, oleuropein glucoside, oleuropein, ligstroside | HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF-MS | [80] |
| TPC | Spectrophotometry | |||||||||
| Hibiscus calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) |
ChCl:oxalic acid (8) |
1:1 | 55% | 30/1 | 20 | 75 °C | 700 |
Phenolic acids: chlorogenic acid quinone, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, criptochlorogenic acid, coumaroylquinic acid, 5-O-Caffeoylshikimic acid Flavonoids: myricetin-3-arabinogalactoside, quercetin-3-sambubioside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-sambubioside, quercetin-3-glucoside, methylepigallocatechin, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol Anthocyanins: delphinidin-3-sambubioside, cyanidin-3-sambubioside |
HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF-MS | [149] |
| TPC, TAC | Spectrophotometry | |||||||||
∆Extraction conditions: A- molar ratio between HBD and HBA in the selected DES/NADES; B-water content in the selected DES/NADES (%); C-solid to liquid ratio (mg∙mL−1); D-extraction time (min); E-extraction temperature (°C); F-microwave power (W). §ChCl- choline chloride. ND- not defined.