Table 3.

Themes based on topic classification, bigrams, and sample tweets.

Theme and topic		Bigrams	Sample tweets
Public health measures to slow the spread of COVID-19
	Face masks	face masks, wear masks	We protect us and our family by wearing masks every day.
	Quarantine	home quarantine, self quarantine, quarantine period	@realDonaldTrump @JustineTrudeau They’re all under mandatory 2 week quarantine, and they are essential workers…
	Test kits	test kits, testing kits	Hydroxychloroquine, Testing Kits and USA: We urge the Modi govt to draw proper lessons from this latest instance of US
	Lockdown	covid19 lockdown, lockdown period, weeks lockdown,	People are actually shocked the lockdown has been extended for 3 weeks when there are still people going out meeting
	Safety	stay safe, safe stay, stay away	Be strong, stay safe #lockdown but not locked out http://t.co/FvifiEbbs7
	Vaccine	coronavirus vaccine	Lead scientist for NIH working on #coronavirus vaccine research
	US shelter-in-place	Shelter place, shelter in	Did California’s shelter-in-place order work? If you sue crap data without any reference to epidemiology, then yes
Social stigma associated with COVID-19
	Chinese Communist Party	communist party, Chinese communist, cases 1	The #Chinese Communist Party (#CCP) is spreading disinformation to cover up the origin of the #coronavirus
	Discriminatory names	Wuhan virus, Chinese virus	That China is responsible for putting entire world @great risk. Heavily criticized their eating habits.
	President Trump tweeting “Chinese virus”	president trump, social media, china virus	President Trump: They know where it came from. We all know where it came from, #chinesevirus
COVID-19 new cases and deaths
	New cases	new cases, total number, confirmed cases	RT @neeratanden: 4,591 people died in a day from the virus, the highest number anywhere ever that we know of.
	Deaths	coronavirus death, death toll, people died	#Britain's death toll could be DOUBLE official tally as care homes
COVID-19 in the United States
	Mental health and COVID-19 in New York	new york, shelter place, mental health	New Yorkers on their apartment roofs during quarantine is a whole different vibe. This is gonna be in history books
	Protests against the lockdown	anti lockdown, people protesting, protesting stay	I stand with the Healthcare workers!!! Bravo! Healthcare workers face off against anti-lockdown protesters in Colorado
	Task force in the United States	task force	RT @Jim_Jordan: There are #coronavirus task forces doing great work. But there is one task force that’s missing in action: the U.S. congress
	COVID-19 pandemic in the United States	united states, white house, new jersey, 21 million, million people, dr fauci,	Stay-at-home orders continue in much of the United States
COVID-19 cases in the rest of the world
	United Kingdom	Herd immunity, UK lockdown, Prime Minister	The Prime Minister gave the game away early on when he openly said to Scrofulous and Willibooby that the government’s plan was Herd Immunity the REAL people in charge must have been so furious with him he had to be sent to an isolation ward with the virus to shut him up!
	Global issue	Entire world, south Korea, world health, global pandemic, new Zealand	Worldwide it is now 182,726.” And “New Zealand Prime Minster Jacinda Ardern says the government will partially relax its lockdown in a week, as a decline in …