Table 4.
Adjusted association of proximity to oil refinery and cancer risk by cancer stagea
| Cancer type and distance from oil refinery, miles | Adjusted association, RR (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Localized stageb | Regional stage c | Distant stage d | |
| Bladder cancer | |||
| 0-10 | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.12) | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.18) | 1.30 (1.02 to 1.65) |
| 11-20 | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.13) | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.18) | 0.98 (0.77 to 1.26) |
| 21-30 | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Lung cancer | |||
| 0-10 | 1.10 (1.00 to 1.20) | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.23) | 1.14 (1.05 to 1.23) |
| 11-20 | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.15) | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.17) | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.15) |
| 21-30 | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Prostate cancer | |||
| 0-10 | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.19) | 1.06 (0.96 to 1.16) | 1.24 (1.09 to 1.41) |
| 11-20 | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18) | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.20) | 1.01 (0.88 to 1.15) |
| 21-30 | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Breast cancer | |||
| 0-10 | 1.11 (1.06 to 1.17) | 1.13 (1.07 to 1.20) | 1.19 (1.08 to 1.32) |
| 11-20 | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.12) | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.12) | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.19) |
| 21-30 | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Colon cancer | |||
| 0-10 | 1.12 (1.04 to 1.21) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.19) | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.24) |
| 11-20 | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.10) | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.12) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.11) |
| 21-30 | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Lymphoma | |||
| 0-10 | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.28) | 1.08 (0.96 to 1.21) | 1.17 (1.10 to 1.24) |
| 11-20 | 1.18 (1.08 to 1.28) | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.16) | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.12) |
| 21-30 | Referent | Referent | Referent |
a
Model controlled for age, sex, race and ethnicity, income, education, smoking, oil wells, and PM2.5. CI = confidence interval; RR = risk ratio.
b
Localized includes in situ and localized cancer.
c
Regional includes regional by direct extension only, regional lymph nodes only, regional (direct extension and regional lymph nodes) and regional not specified.
d
Distant includes distant metastasis and/or systemic disease.