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. 2020 Nov 26;17:59. doi: 10.1186/s12989-020-00388-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Overview of the experimental design for investigating the effects of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5; PM with an aerodynamic diameter of < 2.5 μm) on neurotoxicity in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. The whole bodies of 8-week-old SH rats in the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and PM_2.5 groups were exposed to urban PM_2.5 for 3 and 6 months. In the 6-month group, a Morris water maze (MWM) was used to observe behavioral changes in SH rats after 3 months of exposure. After the MWM, rats were followed up for a subsequent 3 months of exposure to PM_2.5. Rats were euthanized after 3 or 6 months of exposure for biochemical analyses. The 6-month group was histologically examined. Additionally, urban PM_2.5 was collected onto Teflon filters for metal analyses