Fig. 1.
Observed haplotypes of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps in different years and areas. a The haplotypes of Pfdhfr in different years. b The haplotypes of Pfdhfr in different regions. c The haplotypes of Pfdhps in different years. d The haplotypes of Pfdhps in different areas. e The combined haplotypes of Pfdhfr-Pfdhps in different years. f The combined haplotypes of Pfdhfr-Pfdhps in different regions. The WA, SA, CA, EA, NA, and SEA represent West Africa, South Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, North Africa, and Southeast Asia, respectively