Table 2.

Numbers and percentages of Korean hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgeons following recommendations of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) items in pancreaticoduodenectomy and hepatectomy

Item	No. (%)
Pancreaticoduodenectomy (n=113)
Preoperative counselling	19 (16.8)
Perioperative biliary drainage	15 (13.3)
Preoperative smoking and alcohol consumption	25 (22.1)
Preoperative nutrition	41 (36.3)
Perioperative oral immunonutrition	6 (5.3)
Oral bowel preparation	50 (44.2)
Preoperative fasting	13 (11.5)
Preanaestheticmedication	51 (45.1)
Anti-thrombotic prophylaxis	3 (2.7)
Antimicrobial prophylaxis and skin preparation	106 (93.8)
Epidural analgesia	13 (11.5)
Wound catheters and transversus abdominis plane block	17 (15.0)
Preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting	25 (22.1)
Avoiding hypothermia	87 (77.0)
Postoperative glycemic control	24 (21.2)
Nasogastric intubation	20 (17.7)
Fluid balance	8 (7.1)
Perianastomotic drain	15 (13.3)
Somatostatin analogues	36 (31.9)
Urinary drainage	96 (85.0)
Stimulation of bowel movement	4 (3.5)
Early and scheduled mobilization	60 (53.1)
Hepatectomy (n=107)
Preoperative counselling	17 (15.9)
Preoperative nutrition	13 (12.1)
Perioperative oral immunonutrition	No specific recommendation
Preoperative fasting	6 (5.6)
Oral bowel preparation	71 (66.4)
Preanesthetic medication	44 (41.1)
Anti-thrombotic prophylaxis	10 (9.3)
Perioperative steroids administration	No specific recommendation
Antimicrobial prophylaxis and skin preparation	22 (20.6)
Minimally invasive approach	27 (25.2)
Nasogastric intubation	46 (43.0)
Prophylactic abdominal drainage	No specific recommendation
Preventing intraoperative hypothermia	81 (75.7)
Postoperative nutrition and early oral intake	29 (27.1)
Preventing delayed gastric emptying	9 (8.4)
Stimulation of bowel movement	No specific recommendation
Early mobilization	52 (48.6)
Analgesia	8 (7.5)
Preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting	37 (34.6)
Fluid management	87 (81.3)