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. 2020 Nov 13;11:531543. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.531543

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Copyright © 2020 Goldstein, Gallagher, Beck, Kumar and Gernand

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Fetal inflammatory response (FIR) stages: A normal umbilical cord (bottom left) includes two arteries (circular vessels) and one vein (larger, ovoid vessel) surrounded by Wharton’s jelly. FIR1 consists of inflammation of the vein. Arterial inflammation is diagnostic of FIR2. Inflammation of Wharton’s jelly with necrosis is FIR3. Candida infections produce peripheral abscesses with invasive organisms (Grocott Methenamine Silver stain).