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. 2020 Nov 13;11:528656. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.528656

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Copyright © 2020 Sakuraya, Imamura, Watanabe, Asai, Ando, Eguchi, Nishida, Kobayashi, Arima, Iwanaga, Otsuka, Sasaki, Inoue, Inoue, Tsuno, Hino, Shimazu, Tsutsumi and Kawakami.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot of intervention effects [standard mean differences (SMD)] on subjective well-being (SWB) among 31 studies. Each study may include multiple outcomes. SMD and 95% CIs for an individual study were calculated based on a combination of study and outcome, where a positive effect means favorable results for an intervention group compared to a control group. The overall effect was estimated by using a three-level random-effect model considering multiple outcomes nested in the same studies. The heterogeneity was tested by Q statistic.